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Gen psych final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the most complete definition of psychology? | science of behavior and mental processes |
| Psychology is a scientific discipline in that it focuses on... | testing opinions and assumptions in the light of evidence |
| The word ‘psychology’ comes from two Greek roots that mean... | knowledge and mind |
| Your professor asks a student volunteer to concentrate on eating an apple and then describe the individual elements of that experience. Your professor is demonstrating the technique of _______, which is a technique used by investigators of ________. | introspection; structuralism |
| The concept of behavior in the definition of psychology incorporates... | thinking, dreaming, making a sandwich |
| Wundt is to ______ as James is to ______. | structuralism; functionalism |
| Which term best captures the meaning of the word ‘gestalt’? | pattern |
| The founder of behaviorism was... | Watson |
| A strong belief that the environment molds the behavior of humans and other animals is characteristic of which school of psychology? | behaviorism |
| Regarding behaviorism, what is true? | B. F. Skinner presented ideas for rewarding and punishing behavior, behaviorism was dominant force is psychology, watson believed he could shape infants mind |
| Dr. Spires talks with some students before psychology class begins. Spires says, “I believe that mental experience is best understood as a whole, rather than in terms of its parts.” Her students recognize that Spires describes which school of thought? | gestalt |
| An emphasis on the unconscious and early childhood experience characterizes which school of psychology? | psychodynamic |
| An extension of the behavioral perspective that incorporates the study of mental processes is termed ________. | social-cognitive theory |
| Which of the following mental health professionals is most likely a behavior therapist? | Dr. Barney uses techniques based on learning principles to help clients alter maladaptive patterns of action |
| What exhibits neo-Freudians? | increased emphasis on self-awareness, reduced emphasis on sexual and aggressive urges, increased emphasis on self-direction |
| Which theorists are associated with humanistic psychology? | Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers |
| Humanistic psychologists stress... | self-awareness and free will, being true to oneself, individuals abilities to make meaning and purpose in lives |
| Cognitive psychologists would be interested in... | language processes, problem solving, concept formation |
| What is true regarding the major contemporary perspectives in psychology? | behavioral perspective focuses on abservable actions, physiological perspective examines how behavior and experience is shaped, humanistic perspective emphasizes important of conscious experience, responsibility, and freedom |
| Which perspective in psychology would suggest that depression is related to changes in brain chemistry? | physiological |
| A humanist would give which explanation for aggression? | aggression increases when people become frustrated by not being able to meet goals |
| Dr. von Waldner conducts research on depression. His hypothesis is that depression results from maladaptive thought patterns. From which perspective is von Waldner working? | cognitive |
| A researcher adhering to the behavioral perspective would likely believe that... | unhealthy eating habits are learned and can be unlearned |
| Which subspecialty represents the largest group of psychologists? | clinical |
| a school psychologist would be most likely to... | evaluate a student for placement in a special education program |
| Dr. Burlington helps the athletes handle competitive pressures. He is also conducting a study to determine the most important factors influencing athletic performance anxiety. Burlington is probably a(n) ______ psychologist. | sport |
| A developmental psychologist would most likely... | study psychological crises people experience at different ages |
| Dr. Vickers just took a position as an educational psychologist with the Blackstone School System. What is Vickers likely to do in this position? | develop new instructional method for use in classroom, train teachers in use of new instructional method, develop test to measure students' academic potential |
| A method of developing knowledge based on the evaluation of evidence from experiments and careful observation is called the ______ approach. | empirical |
| Adam is a graduate student. He is at the stage where he uses statistics to analyze the data he has collected in order to determine if his initial hypothesis is supported by the research. At which stage of the scientific method is Adam working? | drawing conclusion |
| Dr. Kavanaugh has posed a question she intends to pursue in her research. If she is interested in pursuing this research question further, Dr. Kavanaugh’s next step in the scientific method would be... | form hypothesis |
| Dr. Mingus keeps a very detailed record of a series of interviews with an individual who is suffering from a rare brain disorder. This is an example of which research method? | case study |
| Your psychology professor refers to a research study and says the results were “statistically significant.” What does this mean? | results were unlikely to have been due to chance or other random factors |
| Dr. Chen finds in her study of people’s charitable habits that individuals overestimate the amount of money they give to their churches and private schools. Dr. Chen’s results may reflect... | social desirability bias |
| A statistical measure of the association between two variables is called a(n)... | correlation coefficient |
| What correlations represents two variables with the strongest relationship? | -0.95 |
| What are true statements of a correlation? | correlations can range from -1.0 to +1.0, negative correlations indicate inverse relationships, correlations can indicate possible causal factors |
| What relationships would most likely have the weakest correlation? | a person's shoe size and intelligence |
| A correlation coefficient of 0.00 means... | there is no relationship between bvariables |
| In a study of the effects of various brands of ice cream on weight gain, type of ice cream consumed represents the... | independent variable |
| Dr. Wilmington is a social psychologist who studies the topic of love. He goes to a variety of places where couples are found and watches how they interact with each other. Which research method is Dr. Wilmington using for his study? | naturalistic observation |
| In a drug study, group one receives an inactive pill and group two receives a pill that is believed to be effective in treating depression. Group two is the... | experimental group |
| Dr. Schultze conducts research on the effects of a new drug on obsessive-compulsive disorder. In his study, neither Schultze nor the participants knows who is receiving the active drug and who is receiving the placebo. This example describes... | double-blind study |
| Agreement to participate in a study following disclosure of information about its purposes and potential risks and benefits is called... | informed consent |
| Your professor stated that stress can lead to heart disease. She said we should avoid stress in order to ensure living a long and healthy life. The professor needs to rethink advice based on which of the following features of critical thinking? | considering alternative explanations, avoiding oversimplification, confusing correlation with causation |
| Psychologists refer to the state of awareness of ourselves and the world around us as... | consciousness |
| In comparing consciousness to an ever-flowing river, the early psychologist William James was making the point that consciousness involves... | a stream of thoughts |
| Wylene is able to pay attention to street signs as she drives her pick-up truck, but is not aware of noises coming from the street and other vehicles. Wylene’s experience is an example of... | focused awareness |
| Regarding daydreaming, what is true? | people are more prone to daydream when they are engaged in unstructured activities, when they are bored, most involve mundane tasks of everyday life |
| Regarding the dangers of divided attention while driving, what is true? | drivers are 3x's more likely to have an accident when on the phone, increased risk of accident from cell phone is due to loss of concentration, driving while talking is as dangerous as dui |
| Which people are predicted to be experiencing an altered state of consciousness? | Will who is drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana, Lacey who is a long-distance marathon, Adrienne who is under hypnosis |
| The pattern of fluctuations in bodily processes that occur regularly each day are called ______. | circadian rhythms |
| Regarding circadian rhythms, what is true? | light entering eye helps keep body on natural clock, body temp follows circadian rhythms, frequent time shifting can wreak havoc on circadian rhythms |
| Jet lag has shown to be associated with... | disruptions to sleep-wake cycle, irritability, difficulties concentrating |
| In terms of brain waves, awake and alert is to ______ as awake and relaxed is to ______. | beta; alpha |
| In which stage do you spend the majority of your sleep time? | stage 2 |
| Other factors being equal, what kind of person should be hardest to awaken? | Randy in stage 3 of sleep |
| Regarding REM sleep, what is true? | REM sleep is also called active sleep, a person's eyes dart about under closed eyelids, muscle activity is blocked almost to point of paralysis |
| Sleep cycles repeat about every ______ minutes, and the typical adult has ______ cycles per night. | 90; four to five |
| Regarding sleep cycles, what is true? | during sleep, brain waves vary in terms of intensity and speed, during night, stage 4 sleep eventually disappears,, in terms of brain activity REM sleep is similar to ordinary wakefulness |
| Your psychology professor argues that dreams represent an attempt by the cerebral cortex to make sense of the random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep. What perspective best describes your professor’s comments? | activation-synthesis hypothesis |
| The textbook describes each of the following functions of sleep to have... | a restoration function, memory consolidation functoin, protective function |
| In Freudian theory, the actual events that occur in a dream are referred to as its ______ content, while the underlying meaning of a dream is its ______ content. | manifest; latent |
| Regarding sleep deprivation, what is true? | loss of sleep impairs learning ability and memory, lifestyle factors contribute to americans sleep deprivation, sleep deprivation is one of most common causes of car crashes |
| Some nights Chang has problems falling asleep. Other nights, he wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep. Chang likely suffers from which sleep disorder? | insomnia |
| Kendra has a sleep disorder in which she suddenly falls into “sleep attacks” during the daytime. What is the name of Kendra’s disorder? | narcolepsy |
| What best describes sleep apnea? | temporary cessation of breathing during sleep |
| In general, nightmare disorder occurs in ______ sleep, while sleep terror disorder occurs in ______ sleep. | REM; stage 3 or 4 |
| Regarding sleepwalking disorder, what is true? | sleepwalking occurs more often in children than adults, it generally occurs during deep NREM sleep, sleepwalkers don't usually remember nighttime wanderings |
| Meditation is useful in treating... | depression, high blood pressure, insomnia |
| Hypnosis can be described by... | heightened suggestibility, focused attention, deep relaxation |
| Characteristics of a highly hypnotizable person include... | well-developed fantasy life, vivid sense of imaginatoin, positive attitude toward hypnosis |
| Maladaptive or dangerous use of a chemical substance is referred to as... | drug abuse |
| After repeatedly using a drug over six months, Elian’s body chemistry has changed such that it depends on having a steady supply of the drug. Elian has developed... | physiological dependence |
| Reduction of central nervous system activity is the defining feature of... | depressants |
| You see your friend Leonid at a party. He is talking loudly and slurring his words. He also has trouble maintaining his balance. Leonid is probably under the influence of... | alcohol |
| Regarding alcohol use among college students, what is true? | 2/5 college students drink at least once a month, students who are more strongly committed to academic achievement are less likely to binge drink, those who drink early and binge are at a higher risk of alcoholism |
| Sherrill abuses an opioid. If she abuses the most common one, what is Sherrill’s drug of choice? | heroin |
| Alcohol is to ______ as caffeine is to _____. | depressant; stimulant |
| Cocaine and amphetamines are similar in... | both increase brain levels of dopamine, both directly stimulate reward pathways, both can lead to type of psychosis |
| Regarding the effects of smoking, what is true? | smoking contributes to cataracts, cigarettesmoking is responsible for almost 1/3 deaths from cancer, in US smoking accounts for more than 4000,000 deaths annually |
| Among teenagers who begin smoking, about what proportion or percentage will eventually die of smoking-related causes? | 1/3 |
| What is the most widely used psychoactive drug? | caffeine |
| Regarding hallucinogens, what is true? | hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation in some people, while causing others to feel paranoia or panic. they are not known to produce physiological dependence and can produce psychological dependence |
| What best characterizes the major risks of cocaine? | high addictive potential; risk of sudden death from overdose; in high doses, can have psychotic effects |
| Hashish is a potent form of which psychoactive drug? | marijuana |
| Fernando just entered a drug treatment center for his chemical dependency. He is currently going through a process in which his body is cleared of drugs. What is this process called? | detoxification |
| What can help a person develop healthier sleeping patterns? | exercising regularly, limiting intake of caffeien, maintaining regular sleep schedule |
| What are components of a neuron? | axon, dendrite, soma |
| Chemical messengers that transport nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another are called... | neurotransmitters |
| What best describes a synapse? | tiny gap separating one neuron from another through which messages are carried |
| Which part of a neuron may range in size from a few thousandths of an inch to several feet long? | axon |
| In a neuron, _____ is to sending as ______ is to receiving. | terminal button; dendrite |
| Regarding terminal buttons, what is true? | terminal buttons store and release chemicals that carry neural messages to other nearby neurons, they release neurotransmitters, they are found at end of axons |
| Jason has developed many motor skills like crawling, walking, and running that require his muscles to move efficiently and smoothly. In terms of brain function, Jason’s motor development is the result of which process? | development of myelin sheath |
| Shalanda’s daughter touches her hand. Sensory receptors in Shalanda’s skin transmit information about this sensation to Shalanda’s spinal cord and brain. Which type of neuron is responsible for this process? | afferent |
| What do glial cells do? | remove waste products from neurons, form myelin sheath, nourish neurons |
| Gaps in myelin that create non-insulated areas along an axon are called... | nodes of Ranvier |
| ______ are also called neural impulses. | action potentials |
| After a neuron fires, about how long is its refractory period? | one-thousandth of a second |
| In neural communication, ______ is to key as ______ is to lock. | neurotransmitter; receptor site |
| Prolonged neurotransmitter activity is prevented by... | breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes, regulation of sensitivity to neurotransmitters, reuptake |
| In contrast to agonists, antagonists are drugs that... | block receptor sites |
| Sharon is a long-distance runner. After a certain point in her workout, she begins to feel a natural “high” instead of pain. This feeling is likely the result of chemicals in her brain called... | endorphins |
| Which portion of the central nervous system serves as the link between the brain and the peripheral nervous system? | spinal cord |
| On a camping trip, Eleni accidentally steps on a hot coal from the campfire. Upon touching the coal, her foot reflexively withdraws from the coal. What is the sequence of response in Eleni’s neurons? | sensory neuron - interneuron - motor neuron |
| Your heartbeat, digestion, and pupil contractions are ______ processes regulated by the ______ nervous system. | involuntary; automatic |
| The sympathetic nervous system... | increases respiration, increases heart rate, draws stored energy from bodily reserves |
| During the past hour, nine-month-old Heather has engaged in each of the following actions. Which action is controlled by medulla? | she swallowed formula from bottle, she coughed after breathing in dust, she had accelerated heart beat when older brother scared her |
| Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination? | cerebellum |
| The forebrain contains... | basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus |
| Which brain structure is best described as a “relay station”? | thalamus |
| Which brain structure regulates such bodily functions as thirst and hunger, fluid concentrations, and body temperature? | hypothalamus |
| After a motorcycle accident in which she wasn’t wearing a helmet, Vanessa has difficulty responding emotionally to unpleasant stimuli. Vanessa most likely experienced damage to which brain structure? | amygdala |
| The ______ is located just behind the amygdala and can be described as playing an important role in the formation of memories. | hippocampus |
| Regarding the organization of the cerebral cortex and cerebrum, what is true? | cerebral hemispheres are connected by corpus callosum, cerebral cortex forms thin, outer layer of cerebrum, each cerebral hemisphere controls feelings and movement on opposite side of body |
| In the cerebral cortex, ______ is to vision as ______ is to hearing. | occipital; temporal |
| Which brain structure is described as the connection between the two cerebral hemispheres? | corpus callosum |
| Regarding the frontal cortex, what is true? | of brain lobes, frontal lobes are best described as containing "you"; frontal lobes control voluntary movements; frontal lobes enables humans to suppress impulses |
| What techniques are used for recording and/or imaging the brain? | EEG, PET scan, MRI |
| Scientists use the term ______ to describe the division of functions between the right and left hemispheres of the brain. | lateralization |
| Damage to Broca’s area can lead to... | aphasia |
| Wernicke’s area is associated with _____, whereas Broca’s area is associated with _____. | language comprehension; language production |
| Recent research suggests that hand preference begins to develop... | before birth |
| In a split-brain research study, what will happen when a pencil is presented in the patient’s visual field? | patient will be able to say "pencil" when it is presented to right side, but not when it is presented to left side |
| Phineas Gage showed severe personality changes following an accident that damaged his... | prefrontal cortex |
| ______ is the brain’s ability to adapt and reorganize itself following trauma or surgical alteration. | plasticity |
| Scientists consider the ______ to be the “seat of intelligence.” | prefrontal cortex |
| Regarding the relationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system, what is true? | systems are integrated, in that the brain regulates activity of endocrine system; nervous system uses neurotransmitters as messengers, where endocrine uses hormones; endocrine system functions slower than nervous system |
| Which gland is best described as the “master gland”? | pituitary |
| Juan eats mostly sugar, his pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream causes cells to draw more glucose from his blood. This decreases the glucose in body and, the pancreas reduces its insulin secretion. Juan’s endocrine system is engaging what? | homeostasis |
| Charlize is excessively anxious and irritable. Charlize probably has an excess of which type of hormone? | thyroid |
| Two psychologists debate the nature-nurture problem. What is the topic of their debate? | influence of genetics versus environment in human behavior |
| In a twin study, an investigator compares concordance rates of fraternal and identical twins. A concordance rate is best described as... | percentage of shared traits or disorders |
| Adoptee studies describe efforts to... | examine similarities between adopted children and their biological or adoptive parents |
| The process of sensation enables us to _________, where the process of perception enables us _________. | detect world around us; make sense of world around us |
| The smallest amount of a stimulus that a person can reliably detect is called... | absolute threshold |
| Regarding the absolute and difference thresholds, what is true? | people differ in absolute threshold, amount a stimulus must change to detect a difference is given by a constant porportion of original stimulus, just-noticeable difference is another term |
| Hans and Franz lift weights at their local gym. When their trainer adds a two-pound weight to Hans’s, he notices. However, when the same two-pound weight is added to Franz’s, he isn’t aware of the weight. The difference is consistent with... | Weber's Law |
| Signal detection theory predicts... | as he got older, david notices his sense of taste has diminished; arturro more often notices aroma wafting from neighbos apartment after just eating; during allergy season, bettina's sese of smell becomes duller |
| Other factors being equal, which sensory stimulus is most likely to lead to sensory adaptation? | temp of water when entering pool, intense odors of cattle farm, pressure of wearing new bracelet |
| ______ is the visual process by which the lens changes its shape to focus images more clearly on the retina. | accommodation |
| What describes the pupil? | opening through which light enters eye |
| Sebastian’s eyeball is shorter than normal. Light from nearby objects is focused behind his retina instead of on his retina. What condition does Sebastian have? | farsightedness |
| In the human eye, rods are to _____ as cones are to _____. | light; color |
| To see a dimly lit object at night, the image must fall on your... | rods |
| Regarding vision, what is true? | vision is process of light energy converting into neural impulses that brain interprets as sight, light enters eye through cornea the passes through pupil and lens which focuses light on retina, objects are seen learly when images are focused on foveo |
| Trichromatic theory suggests that... | retina has three types of color receptors - red, green, blue-violet |
| The existence of afterimages provides support for the ________ theory of color vision. | opponent-process |
| People with normal color vision are described as... | trichromats |
| Jack has the most common form of color blindness. What type of color blindness does he have? | red-green |
| Rebecca tells Tom that he is singing “off pitch.” Rebecca is referring to which physical property of sound? | frequency |
| Regarding the experience of sound, what is true? | pitch is perception of how high or lawa sound seems; amplitude of sound waves determines perceived loudness and is measured in decibels, sound waves travel slower than light |
| In human audition, the vibration of the ossicles is triggered by vibration of the _____ and transmitted directly to the ______. | eardrum; oval window |
| The basis of the place theory of pitch detection is that pitch is determined by the place along the _______ that vibrates the most. | basil membrane |
| Among pitch theories, place theory best explains _______ frequency sounds, frequency theory best explains ______ frequency sounds, and volley principle best explains ______ frequency sounds. | high; low; mid-range |
| In deafness, conduction deafness is to _____ as nerve deafness is to _____. | middle ear; inner ear |
| Regarding the sense of smell, what is true? | smell is only sense in which sensory info does not go through thalamus, human odor receptors are capable of sensing about 10,000 different substances, different substances have different shaped molecules that fit into particular odor receptors |
| Evelyn walks past the cafe, which has odors of fresh coffee. Evelyn smells, and her brain tells her she wants a cup of the delicious brew. Which of the following is responsible for carrying impulses from odor receptors in Evelyn’s nose to her brain? | olfactory nerve |
| Regarding the sense of taste, what is true? | a food's flavor results from mixtures of basic tastes and aroma, texture, and temp; taste receptors differ from other neurons in that they regenerate at a faster rate; people without tongues are still able to sense taste |
| Regarding the skin senses, what is true? | there are close to one-half million receptors for touch and pressure; the skin is body's largest sensory organ; part of cerebral cortex that processes info from skin receptors ic somatosensory cortex |
| Sensations of hotness result from... | stimultaneous of warm and cold receptors |
| Mercedes just stubbed her toe on the edge of her bedpost. In response, her brain will most likely signal the release of... | endorphins |
| Receptors for kinesthesis are located in... | joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles |
| Which sense monitors the position of your body in space and helps maintain balance? | vestibular |
| Limiting attention to certain stimuli and filtering out other stimuli is called... | selective attention |
| When Clara interacts with her sister, Shirley, Clara’s interpretations of Shirley’s behavior and comments are influenced by preconceptions and expectations from their previous experiences. Which term describes this dynamic? | perceptual set |
| When you are presented with the following visual information, “A,” your brain sees a series of lines and angles in a particular format and interprets this visual information as the letter “A.” This is an example of which concept from perception? | bottom-up reasoning |
| Rico is shown the following stimulus: X. When asked what he sees, Rico reports that he sees two intersecting lines rather than saying he sees four separate lines. Rico’s response demonstrates which Gestalt principle? | continuity |
| The tendency to perceive properties of an object as remaining the same despite changes in its retinal image is called... | perceptual constancy |
| Depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called... | binocular cues |
| Shaun holds his finger up in front of his eyes at arm’s length and focuses on the image. He slowly moves the finger toward eyes, focusing to maintain a single image. He experiences muscular tension . This is an example of which depth perception cue? | convergence |
| All but which of the following are examples of monocular cues for depth perception? | convergence |
| When the full moon appears near the horizon, 6-year-old Mallory says, “The moon is bigger tonight than last night.” Last night, Mallory saw the moon later in the night, when it was high in the sky. Mallory’s experience is an example of the... | moon illusion |
| Regarding subliminal perception, what is true? | people perceive stimuli below threshold of awareness; advertisers have used tactics that attempt to subliminally persuade people's opinions; motivational states may influence effects of subliminal perception |
| Regarding extrasensory perception (ESP), what is true? | we lack compelling evidence to support existence of any form of ESP |
| According to the carpentered-world hypothesis, people living in cultures in which right-angled structures are rare are less prone to which visual illusion? | MullerLyer illusion |
| Most psychologists define learning as... | a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience |
| Ivan Pavlov’s initial research work was in the study of... | digestive processes in dogs |
| To achieve classical conditioning, you should pair... | a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus |
| A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink. If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example, the buzzer begins as the _____ and eventually becomes the ______. | neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus |
| What best definition of spontaneous recovery? | return of a conditioned response following extinction |
| Through classical conditioning, Eduardo has developed a fear of dogs. However, he only fears large, longhaired dogs but not small, longhaired dogs or large, shorthaired dogs. Eduardo is demonstrating... | stimulus discrimination |
| Regarding characteristics that influence conditioned responses, what is true? | the strongest conditioned stimulus responses occur when the CS is presented first and remains, a stronger US will lead to faster conditioning than weaker one, the more often the CS is pairede with US the stronger the CR will be |
| In applying a cognitive perspective to explaining classical conditioning, a psychologist would emphasize the extent to which the CS ______ the US. | predicts |
| In Watson’s research with Little Albert, the rat began as the _____ and became the _____. | NS; CS |
| Advertising makes use of classical conditioning. For example, a product is presented along with some naturally appealing stimulus (e.g., a physically attractive person). In this case, the product begins as the... | neutral stimulus |
| When Salina was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her as she was walking along a white picket fence. Since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Salina is demonstrating... | phobia |
| Pauline became ill after eating eggs contaminated with salmonella. She subsequently becomes nauseous whenever she sees eggs. This is an example of... | conditioned taste aversion |
| Behaviors that result in satisfying effects are strengthened and behaviors that result in discomfort are weakened. This statement is explained by... | the law of effect |
| Which view holds that behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences? | radical behaviorism |
| What is the best definition of reinforcer? | a stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated |
| Regarding operant conditioning, what is true? | organisms are capable of learning complex behaviors through reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviors; some reinforcers are rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs; discriminative stimuli set stage for reinforcement |
| Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as ______, while removal of an aversive stimulus serves as ______. | positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement |
| Zorba gives his dog a treat for rolling over. Zorba explains this procedure as a form of... | positive reinforcement |
| Velma takes headache medicine to relieve pain. The medicine serves to remove the pain. This is an example of... | negative reinforcement |
| Stimuli that are naturally reinforcing are referred to as ______, while stimuli that develop reinforcing properties through association are called ______. | primary reinforcers; secondary reinforcers |
| Researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of... | shaping |
| What is demonstrating extinction of an operant response? | Hermione who eventually stops raising her hand when the professor fails to call on her |
| Regarding schedules of reinforcement, interval schedules, compared to ratio schedules, produce... | results in slower response rates |
| Vlad receives $100 for every ten telemarketing calls he makes. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. | fixed ratio |
| A schedule of reinforcement in which the first performance of a desired behavior after a specific amount of time has passed is reinforced is called a... | fixed-interval schedule |
| A “scalloped” response pattern (dips after each reinforcement – i.e. drop in the desired behavior) is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule? | fixed-interval |
| Chris has been experiencing a number of problems on the job. In order to get away from his problems for a while, Chris regularly drinks heavily in the evening, after work. We can explain this behavior as a form of... | escape learning |
| When Sara misbehaves, her parents respond by not allowing her to watch TV for a certain amount of time. Her parents are using which method of discipline? | punishment |
| Amita was just grounded by her parents. She is not allowed to use her computer or cell phone, or watch television. Which method of punishment are Amita’s parents using? | removal of reinforcer |
| Mr. Bonoir gives students stars on their homework when it is done well. A student can exchange 10 stars for a treat. This is a form of... | token economy |
| What describes forms of cognitive learning? | observational learning, insight learning, latent learning |
| What can best be described as an example of insight learning? | Dr. Caruthers, who has been working on a particular thorny problem in microbio for a number of months. She suddenly realizes the solution to her problem, seemingly without effort |
| What can best be described as an example of latent learning? | Samantha, who has wandered through the downtown area a number of times without having a particular goal in mind. When she is asked to take a friend to a particular restaurant in that neighborhood, she almost immediately picks the shortest route |
| In the classic latent learning experiments described in your text, it appears that the rats developed a mental representation of the maze. Researchers call this mental representation a... | cognitive map |
| What can best be described as an example of observational learning? | Jason, who has a flat tire while driving on a country road. He remembers having seen his dad change a flat tire before, so he doesn’t hesitate to attempt the task himself. He is successful in the attempt and is soon on his way again. |
| Regarding observational learning, what is true? | observational learning has been found to play a greater role in the development of phobias; people are more likely to imitate models that receive rewards; modeling influences a wide range of human behaviors |
| What best describes Bandura’s research and subsequent general conclusions about the effects of violent television on behavior? | Bandura believed that children become more aggressive after observing aggressive models on tv, and research has been supported |
| Of the following parents giving praise to their child, what is using the most effective strategy? | Barney tells his son, "i'm so proud of how well you prepared for your test." |
| Every time her husband pays her a compliment, Sarah looks him in the eye and smiles at him. This is an example of... | positive reinforcement |
| Shawn does extremely well on his spelling test in school. His father praises Shawn for this test score and tells him how smart he is. Where giving praise is concerned, Shawn’s Dad needs to know about the principle of... | "reward the effort, not the outcome" |
| Motives address the fundamental question of the _____ of behavior. | why |
| What is an instinct? | a fixed inborn pattern of responding that is species-specific |
| What are arguments against instinct theory for human behavior? | the theory doesn't explain behavior; human behavior is too variable to be explained by instincts; the list of instincts gre too large to be useful |
| The instinct theory of human motivation was replaced by the... | drive theory |
| When Walter’s blood sugar dips, he becomes hungry. He eats, and then he is no longer hungry—his body is back in balance. This balancing is an example of... | homeostasis |
| LaDonna experiences a state of biological tension because she is hungry. Her hunger motivates her to stop at the local deli after class. Which theory best explains LaDonna’s choice to go to the deli? | drive theory |
| According to drive theory, secondary drives are... | learned through experience |
| Donald has a higher need for arousal than the average person. In psychological terms, Donald would be described as... | a sensation-seeker |
| Even though Fabiola does not need a new dress, she buys one because she really feels drawn toward it. This is an example of... | incentive value |
| Regarding the incentive theory of motivation, what is true? | cultural influences play a large role in determining individual incentive values; incentive values are influenced by past learning experiences; compared to drive, incentive is concerned with "pull" not "push" |
| Quentin has a strong need to excel at whatever he does. Quentin’s need is called need for... | achievement |
| Regarding sources of motivation, self-gratification is to ______ as money is to ______. | intrinsic; extrinsic |
| Regarding achievement motivation, what is true? | achievement motivation develops early in life; people with high achievement motivation were encouraged as children to do difficult tasks and be independent |
| Anne and Norman were both offered a promotion. Anne willingly accepted the promotion offer because she felt it would help her be successful, while Norman refused to accept it because he was afraid. What concept(s) are Anne and Norman demonstrating? | Anne demonstrated achievement motivation Norman demonstrated avoidance motivation |
| The highest needs in Maslow’s hierarchy are... | self-actualization needs |
| Changes in blood sugar and circulating fats are detected by the... | hypothalamus |
| Regarding the regulation of hunger and appetite, what is true? | both neurotransmitters and hormones play important roles in regulating hunger; brain leads to feelings that people describe as hunger; when hungry, eating results in homeostasis of blood sugar levels |
| Regarding obesity, what is true? | obesity cuts life by 6-7 years; obesity is a major risk factor in many illnesses; about 2/3 adult american population are overweight |
| The rate at which one’s body burns calories at rest is called... | basal metabolism or basal metabolic rate |
| According to the test, what factors plays a major role in obesity? | eating in response to emotional cues; genetics; environmental factors like tv commercials |
| The theory that the brain regulates body weight around a genetically predetermined level is identified as... | set point theory |
| A group of co-workers at Acme Corporation decides to diet together. Over six months, they collectively shed 349 pounds. Now that they have lost weight, they would like to maintain their loss. What should group should do what? | engage in regular physical activity; beware hidden calories; learn to control portion sizes |
| Anorexia nervosa is... | a form of food restriction that results in extremely low body weight |
| Charlize has anorexia nervosa. She is at risk for developing... | irregular heartbeat; loss of menstruation; low blood pressure |
| Bulimia nervosa... | involves recurrent episodes of binging and purging, with maintenance of relatively normal weight |
| What are common medical complications arising from bulimia? | frequent vomiting; loss of menstruation; constipation |
| The three components of emotions are... | bodily arousal; cognitions; expressed behavior |
| Jason has just narrowly avoided being in an accident with another driver. His heart is pounding in his chest, he is very tense in his body posture, and he is trembling. Jason feels afraid. This fear represents the _____ component of his response. | cognitive |
| What are the basic emotions that people throughout the world seem to be able to identify through facial expressions? | anger, fear, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise |
| Regarding cultural differences in emotions, what is true? | compared to western cultures, asian cultures tend to discourage public display of emotion; culture influences norms about emotional display and experience; certain emotions are more common is come cultures than others |
| What is true about gender differences in emotions in Western cultures? | men are given more latitude than women in the emotional expression of anger |
| Display rules refer to... | cultural guidelines regulating emotional expression |
| Women are generally better at recognizing _____, whereas men are generally better at recognizing _____. | happy or sad faces; angry faces |
| The facial-feedback hypothesis suggests that... | mimicking facial expression associated with an emotion will result in the experience of that emotion |
| What is most likely to be linked to personal happiness? | having friends |
| Which brain structure might best be described as an “emotional computer”? | amygdala |
| Facial expression of emotions is controlled by the... | cerebral cortex |
| The amygdala... | evaluates stimuli for threat potential |
| In terms of prefrontal activation associated with emotions, the left cerebral cortex is to ______ emotions as right cerebral cortex is to ______ emotions. | positive; negative |
| The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions... | come after bodily reactions |
| You read an article which suggests that when people experience emotions, they simultaneously feel the emotion and have corresponding bodily reactions. You know that this article was written by someone who supports the ______ theory of emotion. | Cannon-Bard |
| The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotions... | result from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal |
| In the dual-pathway model of fear, where is stimulus information first processed? | thalamus |
| In the dual pathway model of fear, the “high road” leads to the ______ and the “low road” leads to the ______. | cerebral cortex; amygdala |
| Driving along a dark road, Norma sees a deer jump across the road in front of her. Norma experiences physiological arousal, heart pounding and hands trembling. Norma realizes that she is scared. This is most consistent with which model of emotion? | two-factor |
| Vonda is exceptionally skilled at perceiving emotions in others, which is an important element of emotional intelligence. Vonda has a high level of... | empathy |
| Jerome gets cut off by another driver on his commute home from school. Instead of saying, “What a jerk!” Jerome thinks, “He must really have an emergency going on to drive like that.” What is suggested for controlling anger is Jerome using? | opposing anger with empathy |
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