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Learning/Behavior #2
Study Guide for Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Variable Ratio Schedule | Easy acquisition, toughest extinction, "maybe this time" |
| Variable Interval Schedule | Toughest acquisition, inconsistent |
| Fixed Ratio Schedule | Award after response amount, easiest extinction, "not worth it" |
| Fixed Interval Schedule | Predictable, easy acquisition, dependable pattern |
| Breland and Breland showed that learned behaviors drift back to... | Instinctual behaviors |
| Avoiding the conditioned responses because of the emotions associated with negative reinforcement, leads to... | Learned helplessness/avoidance paradox |
| Avoidance learning/avoiding stimuli in order to avoid behavior is... | The avoidance paradox |
| The time until a reward is delivered plays an important role in what behaviors might occur. For example, if reinforcement will be delivered soon, we would expect to see... | Terminal link behaviors |
| Seligman used a triadic design to study negative reinforcement in dogs. His work with dogs suggested that dogs would... | Develop learned helplessness due to repeated, inescapable shocks |
| What's the difference between negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement? | Surviving vs. Thriving |
| Avoidance Paradox | Never need an escape trial EVER again after avoidance, becomes escaping fear rather than escaping an event, very tough extinction |
| Burnout and lake of certain stimuli | Why we think depression is caused |
| Two Factor Theory | CS elicits conditioned fear response, instrumental response results in fear reduction, avoiding provides relief, self-fulfilling prophecy |
| All of the following require the use of a two factor theory to explain behavioral responding except... | Latency Learning |
| Research has revealed that responding to both sucrose and cocaine... | Can be decreased by punishment |
| According to Premack's theory... | High probability responses reinforce low probability responses |
| Punishment Experiment | Rats trained to press lever for sucrose or cocaine, punished with mild electric shock, rats didn't care for the cocaine anymore, but continued to press the lever |
| Punishment Success | Maximum intensity, immediate, VR schedule, rapid results, can be helpful |
| Punishment Problems | Models violent behavior, induces fear and aggression, hide mistakes to avoid punishment, difficulty developing contingency, bad long-term effects |
| Punishment Advantages | Rapid suppression of behavior, when a behavior is dangerous, generalization from target to nontarget behaviors |
| Punishment Disadvantages | Emotional responses (aggression), escape and avoidant responses, modeling physical violence |
| S-R Association | Response driving the outcome, contextual stimuli and the instrumental response, environmental A's so strong it must be done |
| S-R Example | Rats running to the end of the maze and running back to the middle, even though the food is in the middle |
| S-O Association | Outcome driving the response, contextual stimuli and the reinforcement/outcome, two factor theory |
| S-O Example 1 | Seligman dog, avoidance response, light elicits emotional reaction (fear), begin to pretend it doesn't exist |
| Two Factor Theory (w/factors) | 1=context elicits emotional state 2=context elicits an expectation of an outcome that is contingent on an instrumental response |
| S-O Example 2 | OCD, dirty object/phobia elicits fear, wash hands/bathe in hand sanitizer to decrease fear |
| R-O Association | The most important motivators, outcomes are contingent on instrumental responding, without incentive, nothing will happen |
| R-O Example | Rats rewarded with food learn the cage the fastest, rats are slow in the cage just because there is no reason to be fast |
| Latent Learning | Rats knew the track but CHOSE not to be fast because there was no motivator, so the research was unaware that expected response was already met |
| Drive/Need Reduction Theory | Hull, we live to reduce/meet our biological needs everyday |
| Incentive Theory | Tolman, there has to be an incentive to do something |
| Consummatory Response Theory | Sheffield, the behavior becomes the motivator, rather than the incentive, outcome is irrelevant, happiness from spending money, not the clothes, sex for mice was still motivating even though they couldn't finish |
| Differential Probability Theory | Rewards are relative, emphasis on rates of responding, motivators and incentives change dramatically overtime, Premack's Principle |
| Premack's Principle | Any high-probability response can be used to reinforce any low-probability response, any low-probability response can be used to punish high-probability response |
| Premack Example | Motivating a LPR (piano) with a HPR (videogames), gets water if uses wheel, uses wheel if drinks water |
| Response Deprivation Hypothesis | Body makes new set-points with continuous disruption and as we change, if we're deprived, we'll go out of our way to fill that need later, "absence makes the heart grow fonder" |
| Behavioral Economics | All behaviors have a bliss point, limited income/time for each behavior, behaviors are prioritized or ignored to fill our desired behaviors, ex: revenge sleep-deprivation |
| Motivation/Behavioral Economy | A change in consumption, income, or unit price effects the elasticity of demand and allows us to leave or start a behavior |
| Chained Schedule | Sequential: 1 act after the other |
| Concurrent Schedule | Simultaneous decisions/tasks we have decided to do all at once |
| Choice or Foraging = Both | Difficulty=many factors contributing to choice Beneficial=key to describing and explaining behavior in a natural context |
| Foraging | Search to procure scarce or valuable resources |
| Overarching Perspective | Based on willpower, "if you wanted to, you would", time changes the choices we make of what we're going too do when |
| Optimal Foraging Theory | Lots of creatures need to find food and can face certain consequences if they don't eat at the correct times, happens with relationships in the expectations are being met at a reasonable rate |
| Risk-Sensitive Foraging Theory | "Dying" animals are more likely to risk it all to gain a lot, while well-off animals are less likely to risk it all because they would rather be certain of their food amount |
| Reward Quality | Will be risky when grain's involved, but the sugar will not be lost |
| Self-Control Responding | Delay for reward devalues it, pre-made decisions result in self-control, multiple choices/linked choices help, more self-regulation rather than control (not saying no completely) |
| Changing Elasticity of Demand | Use substitution (similar behavior response), or use alternative income (time/energy), unit price (risk), or something completely different |
| Alternatives and Substitutes in drug use... | Gives money (changing economy from income) which raises abstinence, vouchers for items or tuition raises abstinence even more |
| Simultaneous | More than 2 choices |
| Immediate Choice | Only 2 choices |
| Extinction | Getting rid of the fear through exposure |
| Spontaneous Recovery | After extinction and a period of time, an extinct response can return, same context, second extinction is easier/faster |
| Renewal | Habit is extinct in one context but alive in the original responding context, applies to people places and things |
| Reinstatement | Exposure to the US or reward can cause a return in the previously extinct response |
| Resurgence | Reinforcement of a new behavior while extinction occurs to another behavior, when reinforcement ends for the new behavior, the extinct behavior can reoccur |
| Mass Learning | Spending a large amount of time in a small time-frame to learn a behavior |
| Multiple Treatments | Taking a large time-frame to perform many quick learning sessions |
| How to Extinctify... | Give choices (not a stressful amount), relate the old habit with something more positive, set the time, create a routine, and set positive reinforcements |
| Partial Reinforcement Effect (VR) | Less reward and more responding, discrimination hypothesis, change between reinforced and nonreinforced trials, "just one more try", 2 Factor Theory expectation and response |
| Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect | Training with less reward, greater resistance to extinction |
| Frustration Theory (2 Factors) | 1=SD associated with reward elicits an expectation 2=Expectation results in instrumental responding |
| Sequential Theory | Memory of response-reinforcer contingency, memory of reward to responses, memory or sometimes being rewarded |
| Depression Cures | Positive reinforcement/success, optimism/hope, flexibility |
| Seligman Dog Cure | Reduced initiation of responses, difficulty learning that responses produce outcomes, lowered aggression fear and loss of appetite, a host of physiological changes |
Created by:
peachec1
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