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Pharmacology (1-8)
General pharmacology questions covered at college level Chapters 1-29
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The enzyme Cytochrome P-450 targets what type of drugs? | Lipid soluble "lipophilic" |
| The peak level of a drug can be defines as.... | The highest blood level reached of the drug |
| A reaction to a drug that is undesirable and unexpected | Adverse reaction |
| The science of dosage form design | Pharmaceutics |
| The four phases of drug pharmacokinetics | Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion |
| Term for how the drug acts when entering the body | Pharmacodynamics |
| The most severe form of warning the FDA places on drugs to indicate serious adverse effects have been reported | Black Box warning |
| When medications are reviewed at all points of care to ensure accuracy | Medication reconciliation |
| Herbal supplements belong to which category of drugs | Dietary supplements |
| Which supplement may lead to serotonin syndrome if used with other SSRIs? | St John's Wort |
| Which dietary supplements may increase the risk of bleeding if taken with prescribed anticoagulants? | Chamomile, Gingko |
| Advantage of buccal and sublingual medications | Not destroyed by gastric pH, rapid absorption through oral mucous membranes. |
| The best way to give medication to an infant is to mix it with feeding in the bottle? | False-may lead to future refused feedings |
| First needle used when drawing up medication from an ampule | Filter needle |
| Correct needle angle for IM administration | 90 degree to the site of insertion |
| You must aspirate for blood when giving subcutaneous injections? | False-do not aspirate |
| When mixing insulins, this one is drawn up FIRST | Short or fast acting (clear) |
| What method of injection should be used with administration of iron and hydroxyzine? | Z-track method |
| Preferred IM injection site for adults and children | Ventrogluteal |
| Direction used when applying eye ointments | inner to outer canthus |
| What type of pain is caused by damage to peripheral or CNS nerve fibers? | Neuropathic pain |
| A substance that binds to a receptor and causes a response | Agonist |
| A substance/drug that binds to a receptor site and blocks a response | Antagonist |
| The processing of pain signals in the brain that give rise to feelings of pain | Nociception |
| Pain that occurs in an area away from the organ of origin | Referred pain |
| List 2 reasons for which narcotics would be contraindicated | True allergy, severe asthma |
| A commonly know opioid antagonist | naloxone (Narcan) |
| After removing a Fentanyl patch, how long can pain relief last? | Approximately 17 hours |
| Fentanyl, meperidine hydrochloride, and methadone hydrochloride belong to which class of opioids? | Synthetic opioids |
| When administering pain medication such as morphine, it should be held for respirations below this frequency | 10 |
| Lidocaine and procaine are examples of what type of anesthetic? | Local |
| Neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBD) are primarily used for what purpose? | To facilitate controlled respirations during surgical procedures |
| Succinylcholine is contraindicated in patients who possess (list 2) | Personal or family history of malignant hyperthermia, skeletal muscle myopathies, and hypersensitivity to the drug |
| Spinal headaches are more often caused by what type of anesthesia? | Epidural |
| Diazepam, Midazolam, and Temazepam belong to what class of drugs? | CNS depressants-Benzodiazepines |
| What does a low therapeutic index indicate? | That there is small difference between the therapeutic and toxic effect. |
| CNS stimulants such as noradrenergic drugs mimic which CNS system? | Sympathetic nervous system |
| Methamphetamines are often used to treat what disorder in children/young adults? | ADHD |
| Respiratory effects most common when taking amphetamines | Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, increased respiration, dilation of pulmonary arteries |
| Amphetamines should be avoided in persons with (name 2 ) | HTN, glaucoma, Tourette syndrome, marked agitation |
| A side effect of atomoxetine (Strattera) | Increased suicidal ideations, ED |
| Phentermine, Methamphetamine, and Diethylpropion belong to which class of drugs> | Anorexiants |
| When taking anorexiants, which vitamins should be supplemented? | D, E, A, and beta carotene |
| The "triptans" used to treat migraine headaches belong to this class of drug? | Selective Serotonin receptor agonists |
| Diazepam, Lorazepam, and Phenobarbital may be used to treat what classification of seizures | Status epilepticus |
| The therapeutic level of phenytoin | 10-20 mcg/mL |
| Gabapentin, Lamotrigine, and Pregabalin belong to what class of antiepileptic medication | Miscellaneous |
| Phenytoin administered IV must be given through what size cathelon? | A minimum of 20 gauge |
| This drug can worsen myoclonic and absent seizures and may cause bone marrow depression. | Carbamazepine |
| This antiepileptic drug also exists in capsules containing granules that can be sprinkled onto food. | Valproic acid |
| A major adverse effect of non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) | Severe HTN through the interaction with tyramine-containing foods |
| Cogentin belongs to this class of drug used to help treat Parkinson's disease | Anticholinergic |
| Symmetrel belongs to this class of drug for treating early-stage Parkinson's disease | Dopamine modulator |
| Because of the mechanism of action of bromocriptine when treating Parkinson's disease, the nurse should monitor the patient for worsening of what existing condition? | Peripheral vascular disease |
| Alprazolam, Diazepam, and Lorazepam belong to what class of medication | Benzodiazepines |
| Therapeutic lithium levels are close to toxic levels? | True |
| TCAs work by balancing which two neurotransmitters? | Serotonin & norepinephrine |
| List 2 contraindications for the use of TCAs | Pregnancy, the use of MAOIs within the passed 14 days, allergy |
| Death from TCA toxicity is most often secondary to? | Seizures, dysrhythmias |
| The most widely used TCA for treatment of insomnia and neuropathic pain | Amitriptyline (Elavil) |
| The SSNRI Duloxetine, in addition to depression, can be used to treat what disorders? | Generalized anxiety disorders, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, fibromyalgia |
| Involuntary contractions of oral and facial muscles and wave-like movements of the upper extremities caused by many antipsychotics | Tardive dyskinesia |
| An antipsychotic medication that can be used to treat schizophrenia and autism associated irritability | Risperdal |
| Adverse effects of this class of antipsychotic can include: hypotension, photosensitivity, and urinary retention | Conventional class of antipsychotics |
| True or False: Older adult patients develop higher levels of drugs due to age-related changes in medication distribution and metabolism. | True |
| 2nd generation antidepressants include what 2 classes of drugs? | Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors (SNRIs) |
| Heroin and opium are classified as what schedule drug? | Schedule I |
| Describe the function of a partial agonist. | Binds to a pain receptor site and causes a weaker pain response than an agonist. |
| Describe the function of an antagonist. | It binds to the pain receptor site and does not reduce an analgesic effect or blocks the effects of a previously taken agonist. |
| The primary, major effects of opioids are seen in which body system? | CNS |
| What are the 3 classes of amphetamines? | Salts of racemic amphetamines, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine |
| Disorders in which stimulants are used as a treatment | ADHD, narcolepsy |
| Depressants work by _____________ the actions of GABA within the CNS | Decreasing |
| Depressants consists of 2 main classes of drugs. Name them.... | Benzodiazepines and barbiturates |
| For a patient who is taking disulfiram, the nurse should stress to the patient... | Even small amounts of ETOH (7mL) can cause symptoms of acetaldehyde syndrome |
| Which commonly used drug initially causes stimulation, then depression of the CNS? | Nicotine |
| Adrenergic receptors provide receptor sites for what 2 catecholamines? | Norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| One of the adrenergic receptors, the dopaminergic receptor, causes dilation of which arteries? | Renal, mesenteric, coronary, and cerebral |
| What is the onset time of epinephrine when administered IV? | 2 min or less |
| How many minutes are required for the onset of the effects of dopamine when administered IV? | 2-5 min |
| Beta-1 adrenergic receptors are primarily located where in the body? | Heart |
| Beta-2 adrenergic receptors are primarily located where? | Bronchioles, arterioles, and visceral organs |
| Dobutamine, because it strengthens cardiac output through increased contractility (inotropic effect), acts on which type adrenergic receptors? | B-1 |
| A commonly prescribed alpha-1 blocker used to treat BPH | Tamsulosin |
| Nonselective beta blockers block which adrenergic receptors? | Beta blockers that block both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors |
| Carvedilol (Coreg) posses properties of which blocking activites? | Non-selective beta blocker, alpha blocker, calcium channel blocker |
| If the patient states he takes Metoprolol, it is imperative that the nurse differentiate between what? | Succinate (extended release) or tartrate (immediate release) must be differentiated to prevent adverse reaction |
| Donepezil, used to treat mild forms of Alzheimer's disease, is classified as what type of drug? | Cholinergic inhibitor-increases acetylcholine |
| Anticholinergics can produce what effects within the cardiovascular system? | Slow heart rate-low doses Increased heart rate-high doses |
| Anticholinergic drugs are contraindicated in patients with: | Angle-closure glaucoma, acute asthma, myasthenia gravis |
| The diuretic category of antihypertensive include: | Loop, potassium sparing, and thiazides |
| One of the most common, yet unrecognized adverse effects of ACE inhibitors is: | Dry cough |
| Captopril and lisinopril can be administered to patients with impaired liver function because... | They are not a prodrug and therefore, do not depend upon metabolization by the liver for effect. |
| Cardizem and Norvasc are drugs belonging to which class of antianginals? | Calcium channel blockers |
| A commonly prescribed cardiac glycoside that treat A-fib, A-flutter, and heart failure | Digoxin |
| Class II antidysrhythmics are also known as... | beta blockers |
| Amiodarone belongs to which class antidysrhythmic? | Class III |
| What is the action of thrombolytic medications? | To break down clots or thrombi that are already present |
| The patient asks you about the air bubble in the premixed Lovenox injection. What should you tell him? | Do not discard the air bubble. It ensures delivery of all the medication in the syringe. |
| Heparin is ordered based on the patient's weight. The nurse should ensure that the weight is recorded using what measurement? | Kilograms |
| Aspirin and dipyridamole are considered what class of coagulation modifier? | antiplatelets |
| Alteplase is given with heparin because... | Alteplase has a short half-life |
| Warfarin and grapefruit juice interact with what cholesterol lowering drugs? | The statins |
| Rhabdomyolysis most often occurs with which antilipemic group> | Statins (especially when taken with fibrates) |
| Niacin can exert an effect on triglyceride levels within what amount of time? | 1-4 days |
| A patient taking Niacin reports he has been having flushing of the face. What should you tell him? | This is an adverse effect and may be a reason to stop the medication. |
| Currently the only cholesterol absorption inhibitor that works in the small intestine. | Zetia |
| The most commonly used carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | Acetazolamide |
| CAIs mechanism of action is to reduce the formation of what two elements? | Hydrogen and bicarbonate |
| What 2 phenomenon can result from the use of CAIs? | Respiratory and metabolic acidosis |
| Why should a diabetic patient, preferably, not take a CAI? | It raises the blood serum level |
| What is the major side effect of loop diuretics | Electrolyte imbalance, particularly hypokalemia |
| Osmotic diuretics may disturb which electrolyte in particular? | Sodium-leading to hyponatremia |
| A patient on aldactone should be monitored for what electrolyte imbalance? | hyperkalemia- potassium |
| A patient asks if she should take 2 HCTZ tabs because she had Mexican for lunch. What should you tell her based on the mechanism of action of the drug? | Doses beyond 50 mg daily rarely provide any additional diuretic effect. |
| State of the body when output = intake | Homeostasis |
| Death may occur when what percent of body is lost? | 20-25% |
| Principle extracellular electrolyte | Sodium (Na+) |
| The 2 components of extracellular fluid (ECF)? | Intravascular fluid & Interstitial fluid |
| A hypertonic solution will cause cells to .... | Shrink |
| A hypotonic solution will cause cells to ... | Expand and possible rupture |
| Name 2 common crystalloids used to maintain osmotic pressure between ICF and ECF | Lactated Ringers & Normal saline (0.9%) |
| List 2 adverse effects of crystalloid therapy | Peripheral edema & Pulmonary edema |
| Colloids are substances that move fluid from the ____________ compartment to the ___________ compartment. | interstitial, plasma |
| Colloids are used often to treat what 2 conditions? | Shock and burns |
| Colloids, because of lack of clotting factors, can cause impaired coagulation states? | True |
| The most abundant intracellular electrolyte | Potassium (K+) |
| Hyperkalemia can result when using potassium sparing diuretics and what class of antihypertensive? | ACE inhibitors |
| Peripheral infusions of potassium must not exceed _____mEq/L | 40 |
| Symptoms of hyponatremia may mimic _____________. | CNS changes: agitation, confusion, seizures |
Created by:
Rumple
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