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chapters 1 and 4
science of psychology and consciousness
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| psychology | greek words "psyche": mind and "logos": study/knowledge |
| introspection | an attempt to directly study consciousness by having people report on what they were experiencing |
| structuralism | an approach that attempted to define structure of the mind by breaking down mental experiences into their component parts |
| functionalism | why we do what we do; how behavior helps individuals adapt to demands given to them in the environment |
| Edward Titchener | disciple of wundt; brought study to u.s. |
| G. Stanley Hall | first to work in wundt's experimental lab; founded American Psychological Association (APA) |
| William James | was trained as a medical doctor but contributed to psychology; focused on functions of behavior |
| John Watson | believed that psychology should become a science of behavior, not of mental processes; believed environment molds people |
| behaviorism | study of psychology that should limit itself to study of overt behavior that could be recorded |
| B. F. Skinner | studied how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments |
| Max Wertheimer | founded gestalt psychology |
| gestalt psychology | "gestalt": unitary form/patter; studies ways in which the brain organizes and structures our perceptions of the world |
| Sigmund Freud | focused on unconsciousness; believed that childhood experiences shape personality and behaviors |
| unconsciousness | region of mind that lay beyond the reach of ordinary consciousness |
| psychodynamic perspective | view that behavior is influenced by the struggle between unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses and opposing forces that try to keep material out of consciousness |
| Freud developed "talk therapy" he called psychoanalysis | it focused on uncovering and working through unconscious conflicts he believed were at the root of psychological problems |
| behavioral perspective | study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning and importance of environmental influences in explaining behavior |
| social-cognitive theory | contemporary learning-based model that emphasizes the roles of cognitive and environmental factors in determining behavior |
| behavior therapy | form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the principles of learning |
| humanistic psychology | "third force"; believes that free will and conscious choice are essential aspects of the human experiences |
| humanistic perspective | view people as individuals who have distinct clusters of traits and abilities |
| physiological perspective | focuses on relationships between biological processes and behavior |
| evolutionary psychology | focuses on role of evolutionary processes in shaping behavior |
| cognitive perspective | focuses on processes by which we acquire knowledge |
| sociocultural perspective | emphasizes the role of social and cultural influences on behavior |
| positive psychology | emphasized the study of human virtues and assets, rather than weaknesses and deficits |
| basic research | research focused on getting knowledge even if such knowledge has no direct application |
| applied research | research that attempts to find solutions to specific problems |
| experimental psyhchologists | apply experimental methods to study of behavior and mental processes |
| comparative psychologists | seek to understand animal behavior for its own sake and possibly for what it can teach us about humans |
| physiological psychologists | study the biological bases of behavior |
| clinical psychologists | helps people clarify their goals and make decisions or find ways of overcoming problems in areas of life |
| school psychologists | evaluate and assist children with learning problems or special needs |
| educational psychologists | study issues related to measurement of intelligence and processes involved in educational and academic achievment |
| developmental psychologists | focus on processes involving physical, cognitive, social, and personality |
| personality psychologists | study physiological characteristics and behaviors that make us individuals |
| social psychologists | study groups or social influences on behavior and attitudes |
| environmental psychologists | study relationships between the physical environment and behavior |
| industrial/organizational (i/o) psychologists | study people's behavior at work |
| health psychologists | focus on relationship between psychological favtors and physical health |
| consumer psychologists | study why people buy particular products or brands |
| neurpsychologists | study relationship between brain and behavior |
| geropsychologists | focus on psychological processes associated with age |
| forensic psychologists | work within legal system |
| sport psychologists | apply psychological principles and techniques to sports and athletic competition |
| Christine Ladd-Franklin | first woman to pioneer in psychology |
| Mary Whiton Calkins | first female president of APA |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | first woman to get PhD in psychology in u.s. and second female president of APA |
| Gilbert Haven Jones | first african american to get PhD in psychology in u.s. |
| empirical approach distinguishes psychologists | base believes on evidence gathered from experiments and careful observations |
| scientific method | framework for getting knowledge based on observations and experimental methods |
| steps for scientific method | - develop research question - form hypothesis - gather evidence to test hypothesis - draw conclusions |
| theories | formulation that accounts for relationships among observed events or findings |
| statistics | branch of math involving analyzing numerical data |
| variable | thing that varies in experiment |
| replication | attempt to duplicate findings to determine if it will occur again |
| case study method | in-depth study of one or more individuals |
| survey method | gathers information |
| structured interview | questioning technique that follows a preset series of questions |
| questionnaire | written se4t of questions or statements people answer on a sheet |
| population | all individuals or organisms who are subjects of interest |
| smaples | subsets of population |
| social desirability bias | tendency to answer questions in socially desirable manner |
| volunteer bias | having characteristics that make them unrepresentative of population they were drawn from |
| naturalistic observation method | directly observes behavior of humans and other species in natural habitat or environments |
| correlation method | study relationships between variables |
| correlation coefficients | statistical measures of association between two variables |
| experimental method | investigators explore cause-and-effect relationships |
| independent variable | variables get manipulated |
| dependent variable | variables are effects or outcomes |
| operational definitions | define variables based on procedures or operations used to measure it |
| control group | groups that don't change |
| random assignments | method of randomly assigning subjects to group |
| placebo | items that resemble treatment |
| placebo effect | positive outcomes |
| single-blind studies | subjects are not informed about real or placebo, while researcher is aware |
| double-blind studies | neither subject nor researcher are aware |
| ethic review committees | committees that evaluate whether proposed studies meet ethical guidelines |
| informed consent | agreement to participate in study following disclosure of information about purposes and nature of study |
Created by:
KimBriann
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