Question 1

Memory

Accepted Answer

the persistence of learning
over time through the storage and
retrieval of information.

Question 2

Recall

Accepted Answer

a measure of memory in which
the person must retrieve information
learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank
test.

Question 3

Recognition

Accepted Answer

a measure of memory
in which the person need only identify
items previously learned, as on a
multiple-choice test

Question 4

Relearning

Accepted Answer

a measure of memory that
assesses the amount of time saved when
learning material again.

Question 5

Encoding

Accepted Answer

the processing of information into the memory system—for
example, by extracting meaning.

Question 6

Storage

Accepted Answer

the retention of encoded
information over time.

Question 7

Retrieval

Accepted Answer

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 8

Sensory memory

Accepted Answer

the immediate, very
brief recording of sensory information
in the memory system.

Question 9

Short-term memory

Accepted Answer

activated
memory that holds a few items briefly,
such as seven digits of a phone number
while dialing, before the information is
stored or forgotten

Question 10

Long-term memory

Accepted Answer

the relatively
permanent and limitless storehouse of
the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 11

Working memory

Accepted Answer

a newer understanding of short - term memory that
focuses on conscious, active processing
of incoming auditory and visual - spatial
information, and of information
retrieved from long - term memory.

Question 12

Explicit memory

Accepted Answer

memory of facts
and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”

Question 13

Effortful processing

Accepted Answer

encoding that
requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 14

Automatic processing

Accepted Answer

unconscious
encoding of incidental information,
such as space, time, and frequency, and
of well-learned information, such as
word meanings.

Question 15

Implicit memory

Accepted Answer

retention independent of conscious recollection

Question 16

iconic memory

Accepted Answer

a momentary sensory
memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture - image memory
lasting no more than a few tenths of a
second.

Question 17

echoic memory

Accepted Answer

a momentary
sensory memory of auditory stimuli;
if attention is elsewhere, sounds and
words can still be recalled within 3 or 4
seconds.

Question 18

chunking

Accepted Answer

organizing items into
familiar, manageable units; often occurs
automatically.

Question 19

mnemonics

Accepted Answer

memory
aids, especially those techniques that
use vivid imagery and organizational
devices.

Question 20

spacing effect

Accepted Answer

the tendency for
distributed study or practice to yield
better long - term retention than is
achieved through massed study or
practice

Question 21

testing effect

Accepted Answer

enhanced memory
after retrieving, rather than simply
reading, information.

Question 22

shallow processing

Accepted Answer

encoding on a
basic level based on the structure or
appearance of words.

Question 23

deep processing

Accepted Answer

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the
words; tends to yield the best retention.

Question 24

hippocampus

Accepted Answer

a neural center located
in the limbic system; helps process
explicit memories for storage.

Question 25

flashbulb memory

Accepted Answer

a clear memory
of an emotionally significant moment
or event.

Question 26

long-term potentiation

Accepted Answer

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after
brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a
neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 27

priming

Accepted Answer

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in
memory

Question 28

mood-congruent memory

Accepted Answer

the tendency to recall experiences that are
consistent with one’s current good or
bad mood.

Question 29

serial position effect

Accepted Answer

our tendency
to recall best the last and first items in
a list.

Question 30

anterograde amnesia

Accepted Answer

an inability to
form new memories.

Question 31

retrograde amnesia

Accepted Answer

an inability to
retrieve information from one’s past.

Question 32

proactive interference

Accepted Answer

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall
of new information.

Question 33

retroactive interference

Accepted Answer

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall
of old information.

Question 34

repression

Accepted Answer

the basic defense mechanism that
banishes from consciousness anxiety -
arousing thoughts, feelings, and
memories.

Question 35

misinformation effect

Accepted Answer

incorporating misleading information into one’s
memory of an event.

Question 36

source amnesia

Accepted Answer

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

Question 37

deja vu

Accepted Answer

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Term	Definition
Memory	the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
Recall	a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
Recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
Relearning	a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
Encoding	the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.
Storage	the retention of encoded information over time.
Retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage.
Sensory memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Short-term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Working memory	a newer understanding of short - term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual - spatial information, and of information retrieved from long - term memory.
Explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”
Effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Automatic processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
Implicit memory	retention independent of conscious recollection
iconic memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture - image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
echoic memory	a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long - term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
testing effect	enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information.
shallow processing	encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.
deep processing	encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.
hippocampus	a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
long-term potentiation	an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
mood-congruent memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.
serial position effect	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
anterograde amnesia	an inability to form new memories.
retrograde amnesia	an inability to retrieve information from one’s past.
proactive interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
repression	the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety - arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.
source amnesia	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.
deja vu	that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

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Psychology Chapter 8

Memory