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AP Psych: Mod 55-59
Meyers Unit 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| personality | an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. |
| free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. |
| psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to express and interrupt unconscious tensions. |
| unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.. |
| id | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. |
| ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. |
| superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. |
| psychosexual stages | the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. |
| erogenous zones | area of the human body that has heighten sensitivity. |
| Oedipus complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. |
| identification | the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. |
| fixation | (1) the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. (2) according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. |
| defense mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. |
| repression | basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. |
| All defensive mechanisms function... | indirectly and unconsciously. |
| regression | allows us to retreat to an earlier, more infantile stage of development. |
| reaction formation | the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites. |
| projection | disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others. |
| rationalization | occurs when we unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions. |
| displacement | diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings. |
| sublimation | the transformation of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motivations. |
| denial | protects the person from real events that are painful to accept, either by rejecting a fact or its seriousness. |
| projective test | a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. |
| psychodynamic theories | modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. |
| neo Freudians | agree that childhood experiences matter, but deemphasizes sex, focusing more on the social social environment. |
| Alder and Horney | childhood is socially based, not sexually and is crucial for personality formation. |
| inferiority complex | a basic feeling of inadequacy and insecurity, deriving from actual or imagined physical or psychological deficiency. |
| superiority complex | a belief that your abilities or accomplishments are somehow dramatically better than other people's. |
| collective unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history. |
| Rorschach inkblot test | the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. |
| false consensus effect | tendency to over estimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. |
| terror-management theory | theory of death related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impeding death. |
| humanistic theories | view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth. |
| self-actualization | according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. |
| self transcendence | meaning, purpose, and communication beyond self. |
| Person centered/client centered perspectives requires 3 conditions... | 1) genuine, 2) acceptance, 3) empathy. |
| unconditional positive regard | according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. |
| self-concept | (1) a sense of one's identity and personal worth. (2) all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" |
| trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports. |
| Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) | a questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. |
| Eysenck personality theory | there is a biological basis to personality, and personality differences arise from genetic heritage. |
| personality inventory | a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. |
| empirically derived test | a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups (find a relationship). |
| Big Five | theory that identifies 5 broad dimensions used by some psychologists to describe the human personality and psyche. Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion. |
| person-situation controversy | when a person shows different personalities when with different people. |
| social-cognitive perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context. |
| behavioral approach | this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development. |
| reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors. |
| Behavior emerges from the interplay of... | external and internal influences. |
| attributional style | people who attribute poor performance control, "I can't do this." |
| positive psychology | the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. |
| self | assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions. |
| spotlight effect | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). |
| self-esteem | one's feelings of high or low self-worth. |
| self-efficacy | our view of our ability to succeed, control over our success. |
| self serving bias | a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably. |
| narcissism | excessive self-love and self absorption. |
| defensive self-esteem | A fragile form of self-esteem that focuses on sustaining itself, making failures and criticism feel threatening. |
| secure self-esteem | A less fragile form of self-esteem where you feel more accepted of yourself. |
| individualism | Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identities. |
| collectivism | Giving priority to the goals of one's group (family, work) and defining one's identity accordingly. |
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