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AP Psychology Unit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Lesion | tissue destruction |
| EEG (Electroencephalogram) | amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface |
| MEG (Magnetoencephalography) | brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical activity |
| CT (Computed tomography) scan | series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure (also called CAT scan) |
| PET (Positron emission tomography) scan | visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task |
| MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) | technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue; MRI scans show brain anatomy |
| FMRI (functional MRI) | technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans; fMRI scans show brain function as well as structure |
| Default network | blood flows through the brain through a web of brain regions; supports mind-wandering and daydreaming |
| Diffusion Spectrum Imaging | type of MRI technology that maps long-distance brain fiber connections |
| Parts of the brainstem (from top to bottom) | Thalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla Spinal cord |
| Brainstem | stemlike potion of the brain, where the spinal cord enters the skull controls automatic survival functions: heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, senses (hearing, tasting) |
| Medulla | base of brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing |
| Pons | coordinate movement and control sleep |
| Thalamus | on top of the brainstem sensory control center (of all senses except smell), directs messages to sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
| Reticular formation | a nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus controls arousal and filters information |
| Cerebellum | “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem processes sensory input, coordinates movement output and balance, and enables nonverbal learning and memory |
| Cerebral Hemispheres | two halves of the brain |
| Limbic System | neural system which includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions, memories, and drives |
| 3 Structures of the Limbic System (remember AHH) | 1. Amygdala- involved in aggression and fear responses 2. Hypothalamus- involved in bodily maintenance, pleasurable rewards, and control of the hormonal systems 3. Hippocampus- processes memory of facts and events - "Hippos have good memory on campus." |
| "Master gland" of the endocrine system | Pituitary gland |
| What gland controls the pituitary gland? | Hypothalamus |
| Cerebral cortex | intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; houses all higher-order thinking and processing skills |
| 4 Parts of the Cerebral Cortex | 1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Occipital lobe 4. Temporal lobe |
| Frontal lobe | involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments |
| Parietal lobe | receives and processes sensory input for touch and body position |
| Occipital lobe | areas that receive information from the visual fields |
| Temporal lobe | each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear for auditory processing |
| Motor cortex | an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement; stimulating the left or right region of this hemisphere caused movements of specific body parts on the opposite side of the body |
| Somatosensory is (input/output). | input |
| Motor is (input/output). | output |
| Somatosensory cortex | area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers processes body touch and movement sensations (input) |
| Association areas | areas of the cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking |
| Prefrontal cortex | in the forward part of the frontal lobe enables judgement, planning, and processing of new memories |
| Phineas Gage | survived an accident when a rod when through his head (damaging his frontal lobe) could complete everyday tasks but personality was altered: he was irritable, profane, and dishonest |
| Paul Broca | Broca's area located in left frontal lobe EXPRESSIVE language |
| Carl Wernicke | Wernicke's area located in left temporal lobe RECEPTIVE language |
| Plasticity | brain’s ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on new experiences |
| Neurogenesis | formation/production of new neurons |
| Corpus callosum | large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |
| Split brains | condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them |
| Consciousness | our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| Cognitive neuroscience | interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
| Dual processing | principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious (deliberate) and unconscious (automatic) tracks |
| Blindsight | condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it |
| Parallel processing | processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions |
| Sequential processing | processing one aspect of a problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems |
| Behavior geneticists | study of environmental factors that affect how our genes are expressed |
| Heredity | genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring |
| Environment | every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes |
| Chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes |
| Genes | small segments of giant DNA molecules |
| Genome | complete instructions for making an organism, the entire genetic material or DNA of a human being |
| Identical (monozygotic) twins | develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms (same egg, same sperm, same sex) |
| Fraternal (dizygotic) twins | develop from separate fertilized eggs; genetically no closer than ordinary brothers/sisters; share a prenatal environment (two eggs, two sperm) -> may be of the same or opposite sex |
| Heritability | how much differences among people are due to genes- variation with a group |
| Interact | interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity) |
| Molecular behavior genetics | study of how the structure and function of specific genes interact with our environment to influence behavior |
| Epigenetics | “above/beyond” or “in addition to” (epi) genetics the study of environmental factors that affect how our genes are expressed |
| Epigenetic marks | organic molecules attached to part of a DNA strand; can be created by our experiences |
| Mutations | a random error in gene replication- leads to a change |
| Social scripts | a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations |
| Sleep | a periodic, natural loss of consciousness |
| Circadian rhythm | our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms of sleepfulness and wakefulness that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
| REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement sleep) | rapid eye movement sleep a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; aka paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active |
| Alpha waves | relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
| NREM sleep | non-rapid eye movement sleep encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep |
| Waking Beta | normal, waking, consciousness brain waves |
| Waking Alpha | relaxed, as if you are about to fall asleep |
| What type of brain rhythms occur during NREM1-3 stages? | NREM-1- theta rhythm NREM-2- theta rhythm NREM-3- delta rhythm |
| Hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
| Hypnagogic sensations | bizarre experiences, such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly, while transitioning to sleep |
| Delta waves | large, slow brain waves associated with the deep sleep of NREM-3 |
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) | a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm by producing melatonin |
| Free radicals | molecules that are toxic to neurons |
| Hypnosis | a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
| Posthypnotic suggestions | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
| 2 Major theories that explain hypnosis | 1. Divided-consciousness theory- hypnosis has caused a split in awareness 2. Social influence theory- the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the cold |
| Dissociation | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
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Rach3
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