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AP Psychology Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions; rather it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
| Locke | called the mind a "blank slate" on which experience writes |
| Empiricism | idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge |
| Wilhelm Wundt | the "Father of Psychology" Established the first psychology lab |
| Rene Descartes | proposed that nerve pathways allow for reflexes |
| Structuralism | focused on the structure of the mind as revealed through introspection by Edward Titchener (and Wilhelm Wundt) |
| Functionalism | focused on the function of the mind by William James |
| Introspection | the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's own psychological processes |
| Behaviorism | view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner |
| Psychoanalysis (psychoanalytic) | emphasized the way our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior by Sigmund Freud |
| Humanism | emphasized human growth potential by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow |
| John B. Watson | Little Albert experiment (CC) |
| B.F. Skinner | Skinner box experiment (OC) |
| Carl Rogers | developed a hierarchy of needs (triangle diagram) |
| Abraham Maslow | developed client-centered therapy (unconditional positive regard) |
| Cognitive psychology | study of mental processes of the MIND (ex. thinking) |
| Cognitive neuroscience | study of BRAIN activity linked with cognition |
| Psychology | science of behavior and mental processes |
| Natural selection | principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
| Evolutionary psychology | study of the evolution of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection |
| Behavior genetics | study of genetics to investigate nature and origins of individual differences in behavior |
| Culture | enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Positive psychology | study of human flourishing (ability to live a good life) associated with Seligman |
| Biopsychosocial approach | integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints |
| Behavioral perspective | study of observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning |
| Biological perspective | study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes |
| Psychodynamic perspective | studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders |
| Social-cultural perspective | study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking |
| Testing effect (retrieval practice effect, test-enhanced learning) | enhanced memory after retrieving (rather than simply rereading information) |
| SQ3R Method | study method with 5 steps (1) Survey (2) Question (3) Read (4) Retrieve (5) Review |
| Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist | Psychologist- talking Psychiatrist- medications |
| Psychometrics | study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits |
| Basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
| Developmental psychology | studies developmental physical, cognitive, and social change throughout life span |
| Educational psychology | study of how we perceive, think, and solve problems |
| Applied research | study that aims to solve practical problems |
| Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology | application of psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces |
| Human factors psychology | allied with I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact (with safety) |
| Counseling psychology | studies people with problems in living (school, work, marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |
| Clinical psychology | studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| Psychiatrists | provide medical treatments (drugs) and psychological therapy |
| Community psychologists | studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect people |
| Dorthea Dix | mental healthcare reform |
| Psychometric and Quantitative psychology | study math-related methods used to acquire psychological knowledge |
| Forensic psychology | applied psychological principles to legal issues |
| Health psychology | focuses on psychology's contribution to promoting health and preventing disease |
| Experimental psychology | study basic behavioral processes in humans and animals |
| Personality psychology | investigate our persistent traits |
| Social psychology | study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| Hindsight bias (or I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
| Theory | an explanation |
| Hypotheses | testable prediction |
| Operational definition | statement of the exact procedures used in a research study |
| Case study | descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth to reveal universal principles |
| Naturalistic observation | descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations |
| Survey | descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group by questioning |
| Sampling bias | flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample |
| Population | all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn |
| Random sample | sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
| Correlate | measure of how well either factor predicts the other |
| Correlation coefficient | shows the direction and strength of the variable relationship (from -1 to +1) |
| Variables | anything that can vary and is measurable |
| Scatterplots | graph of clustered dots which shows correlation |
| Direct correlation | Positive correlation |
| Indirect correlation | Negative correlation |
| Illusory correlation | perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship |
| Regression toward the mean | tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average |
| Experiment | research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (ind. v) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dep. v) proves CAUSE and EFFECT |
| Experimental group | exposed to independent variable |
| Control group (Placebo group) | NOT exposed to independent variable |
| Randomly assign | assigning participants to experimental or control group by chance |
| Single-blind procedure | participants do not know if they are receiving treatment |
| Double-blind procedure | researchers and participants do not know who is receiving treatment |
| Placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone by administration of substance or condition |
| Confounding variable | extra variable that might influence a study's results |
| Validity | extent to which a test/experiment predicts what it intends to |
| Random assignment | each participant has an equal chance of being assigned into either the experimental or placebo group |
| 4 Ethical Guidelines for Human Research | 1. Informed consent 2. Protection from physical and emotional harm 3. Confidentiality- identities of participants must not be revealed 4. Debrief- explain research to the participants after |
| Descriptive statistics | numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation |
| Histogram | a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution |
| Mean | arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores |
| Median | middle score |
| Mode | most frequently occurring score in a distribution |
| Skewed | representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value |
| Range | difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
| Normal curve (Normal distribution) | a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer near the extremes |
| Inferential statistics | numerical data that allows one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population |
| Statistical significance | statistical statement that Indicates the likelihood that a result could have happened by chance |
Created by:
Rach3
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