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Psychology Chapter 7
Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences |
| stimulus | any event or situation that evokes a response |
| cognitive learning | the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language. |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |
| neutral stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
| unconditioned response | in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth). |
| unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response |
| conditioned response | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
| acquisition | In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
| higher-order conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
| discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and a stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response. |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |
| law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behavior followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
| operant chamber | a chamber (Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
| reinforcement | an event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
| negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strenghthens the response. |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
| conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as the secondary reinforcer. |
| reinforcement schedule | a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced. |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |
| partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |
| variable-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
| variable-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
| intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment |
| observational learning | learning by observing others; also called social learning |
| modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. |
| prosocial behavior | a positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior |
| fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforcesa response only after a specified time has elapsed |
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