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AP Psych Unit 1
Scientific Foundations of Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | Study of the mind and behavior |
| Wilhelm Wundt | father of psychology & started study of psych as science |
| Edward Titchener | coined structuralism & was a student of Wundt |
| William James | wrote first psychology book & coined functionalism |
| Structuralism | studying the mind by trying to look what it is made of |
| Functionalism | an attempt to study what the mind does or it’s function |
| Biological Approach | Olds, Sperry – The body and brain are the dominant influences of behavior and thinking. |
| Evolutionary Approach | Darwin – Nature selects traits that allow a species to survive. |
| Psychodynamic Approach | Freud – The unconscious drives peoples’ behavior. |
| Behavioral Approach | Watson, Skinner – Behavior is due to reinforcement, like rewards and punishment. |
| Cognitive Approach | Piaget, Chomsky – Focuses on how we store, process, and use information, like a computer. |
| Humanistic Approach | Rogers, Maslow – Environmental influences, especially love and acceptance, determine if we become all we can in life. |
| Socio-Cultural Approach | no one person – Behavior and ideas are different depending on the culture. |
| John Locke | wrote that people are born with minds that are a “blank slate” (tabula rasa). Everything we know has been learned since then. “empiricism" – knowledge comes from experiences. Locke then agreed with Bacon: we must use experiments. |
| Case Study | a thorough study of one person in hopes of learning about people in general |
| Experiment | type of research method where the researcher manipulates one variable (independent variable) to determine its effect on another variable (dependent variable). Shows cause-and-effect |
| Correlational Study | a type of research design that looks at the relationships between two or more variables -- measure how closely two things go together DOESN'T PROVE CAUSATION |
| Survey Research | a method of data collection that involves asking a large number of participants a series of questions or completing a questionnaire. |
| Naturalistic Observation | watching a person or animal behave in its normal surroundings. |
| Cross-Sectional Study | observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time |
| Longitudinal Study | repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time. |
| Illusory correlations | phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables even when no such relationship exists. |
| Scientific Method | Hypothesis Procedure Observation Conclusion Report findings |
| Random Sampling | where every person in the group has the same chance of being selected for the survey. |
| Representative Sample | where a small group truly represents population |
| Nature vs Nuture | Genetics vs Environmental factors |
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hannahblanco
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