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Chapter 3
CogPsych Exam 1
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Transliminal: | Areas above basic conscious |
Subliminal: | Areas below basic conscious |
Meta Awareness Model: | Meta-Awareness --> Basic Conscious --> Subconscious |
Meta-Awareness: | Only occurs intermittently, consists of notiving lapses in conscious, part of natral introspection |
When does the conscious experience occur? | All of our waking hours throughout the entire lifespan |
Unconscious Tacit Monitoring of Cognitions: | Occur continuously; A method of non-conscious monitoring, monitors actions and keeps things going |
Tacit Monitoring Example: | Eye movement while reading; our brains don't tell us "read the next word", we simply move on to create a more cohesive picture for our brain (understanding the sentence) |
William James Attention Theory: | We get the general "GIST" of things because we lack the capacity to always concentrate 100% on one mental process/activity |
Divided Attention: (limiting) | When we try to focus our attention on several different things at once (multi-tasking); Switching BACK & FORTH |
Issue w/ Multi-Tasking: | There's a tiny gap when swithching between activities in which we have to refocus; gap CANNOT be closer |
Selective Attention: (helpful) | Focusing on certain info out of a large group of related things (NOT multi-tasking/switching back & forth) |
Dichotic Listening: | Switching between ears (channels) to listen to information |
Shadowing: | Monitoring only one channel |
Study results on Dichotic Listening: | Complex details MISSED, simple things (tone, gender, volume) RETAINED |
Automaticity: | Developing habits so the brain doesn't have to expend as many resources to get simple tasks done |
Stroop Effect: | The brain fighting automaticity: image with colored letters spell out a different color |
Implications of the Stroop Effect: | Highly attentionally demanding; people more likely to respond accurately when they prefer a certain color |
Stroop Effect used in Studies: | Because it wears down people's mental resources, it can be given to participants of a study before conducting the actual study |
Cocktail Party Effect: | *Exception to dichotic listening; we're more inclined to hear our names in an unattended channel BECAUE... our name is technically a complex idea |
Selective Attention Visual Search | It's easier to find things in a visual search that aren't crowded with other objects; furthermore easier to find something in a crowded group that doesn't have other similar things in the group |
Visual Search Example: | Images with X's and O's in a crowded environment vs. not AND "search for X" in a population of many X's vs. not |
Theories of Attention Bottleneck | Our attention goes through a filter from one open end to another open end; filter is like the enck of a bottle |
Theories of Attention Broadbent Filter AKA... | "Filter Theory of Attention" |
Broadbent Filter: | Our mind can only get in a small amount of info due to the 'bottleneck'; Our mind "SELECTS" the most important info to get through |
Broadbent Filter Findings: | Selective filter to see what's absorbed into the short-term memory and what isn't -- filters out everything but the meaning of the attended channel |
Broadbent Filter Criticism: | Cocktail Party Effect |
Theories of Attention Treisman's Filter | Our brain "turns down" volume of unattended channel |
Theories of Attention Deutsch & Deutsch Late Selection | All incoming stimuli is processed, but soon forgotten (in one channel) |
Deutsch & Deutsch Late Selection Findings: | Proof that all stimuli is processed & enters the mind but it's not all stored unless it has meaning |
Deutsch & Deutsch Late Selection Experiment: | Taxi/Circus --> FARE/FAIR Remembering key: Deutsch & Deutsch = Fare & Fair |
Theories of Attention Perceptual Load Theory | The amount of attention we can give to something is dependent on how perceptually demanding it is |
Perceptual Load Theory Findings | High perceptual load = early selection of what to retain, Low perceptual load = late selection of info, more of a buffer to be selective |
Theories of Attention Feature Integration | Distributed & selective attention DO NOT operate in isolation, rather there's a continuum |
Feature Integration: | The selective attention filters out things to create more space for the distributed attention |
Human Limitations of Feature Integration ILLUSORY CONJUNCTION | Incorrect synchronization of information, information doesn't integrate properly & info is retained less accurately |
Human Limitations of Feature Integration BINDING PROBLEM | Failure to recognize that the organization of individual features make up a whole (reverse Gestalt) |
Binding Problem Example: | Potato Head toy arranged incorrectly |
Thought suppression: | CONSCIOUSLY attempting to stop the mind from tinking about something specific |
Thought suppression leads to... | The Rebound Effect |
Rebound Effect: (Ironic Effect) | When you stop suppressing thoughts, there's an influx of thinking about the suppressed thought |
Meta-Conscious Qualities: | Always retrospective, limited, verbal symbolic ("gist"), cannot be completely "in the moment" |
Mind Wandering | Thoughts not produced by the current task |
Self Caught vs. Probe Mind Wandering Task Assigned? | Read War & Piece; check whether or not they're mind wandering while reading passages; askied vs. self-caught mind wandering reported |
Frequency of mind wandering predictive of... | Reading comprehension |
Self-Caught vs. Probe Mind Wandering Findings | Higher scoring on final assessment when self-caught instead of probed; self-caught provided more opportunity for internal correction |
Disambiguation from Unattended Ear | Fare vs. Fair |
ALCOHOL Self-Caught vs. Probe Mind Wandering Findings | Probe: Doubled frequency pf probe-caught Self-Caught: Reduced self-caught mind wandering |
ALCOHOL Self-Caught vs. Probe Mind Wandering Inferences | Supports idea that measures of this study are differentially sensitive to meta-awareness |
How does the Self-Caught v. Probe exhibit the dangers of alcohol? | Shows INCREASE in likelihood of ahving a lapse in awareness, DECREASE in likelihood of noticing if you have a lapse |
Cure for Mind Wandering? | MEDITATION!!! |
Meditation: | Catching yourself mind wandering and re-centering your focus; helpful because it trains redirection automaticity |
Mindfulness and Mind Wandering Study | Undergraduates assigned to eithr a two week mindfulness or nutrition class |
Mindfulness Study Findings | Meditation helps notice mind wandering & reduces it resulting in improved performance on cognitive tasks |
Temporal Dissociation | When meta-awareness occurs after not being meta-aware of internal conditions |
Translation Dissociation: | Misrepresentations of an experience (Shouting "I'm not angry" |
Sources of Translation Dissocation: | (1) Ambiguity (subtle experiences make cues easy to miss), (2) Motivation (People may be disinclined to accurately assess their mental states), (3) Non-Verbalizability |
Non-Verbalizability: | Many experiences are represented in a fundamentally non-verbalizable form which makes communication difficult |
Repressors: | People may exhibit physiological symptoms of being nervous but won't self-report on it |
What causes translation dissociation for emotions? | Analyzing reasons may cause people to temporarily "lose touch" with their feelings |
Strawberry Jams Experiment | Two groups asked to rate strawberry jams; Group 1 just stated their rating whereas Group 2 were asked to analyze why they rated it that way |
Strawberry Jams: Who was closer to professionals ratings? | Group 1 -- Just rate it without analysis |
Verbalization... | Can limit perceptual experience and create a mental set |
Consciousness "Fridge Light" Analogy | It always seems like it's on because we can't see when it's off |
Does our consciousness always provide us with a complete representation of perception? | NO! Chicken bits |
Do we always know what's going on in our minds? | NO! Mind wandering while reading |
Blindsight | Brain Lesion: Visual cortex damage --> VISION WITHOUT AWARENESS |
Orienting Attention Network | System responsible for VISUAL SEARCH & reorienting attention |
Unilateral Spatial Neglect | Condition that affects the function of the orienting attention network due to brain damage -- neglect a spatial region in your field of view |
Executive Attention Network | System responsible for when attention is focused on conflict resolution; INHIBITS automaticity to overcome mental sets and solve the problem |
Box 3.1 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan Methodology | Researchers measure blood flow in the brain by injecting a low dose of radioactive chemical that's detectable by the machine |
Box 3.1 PET scan Photo Comparison | Tracking the movement of blood in the brain can be converted into an image that gets compared to others to isolate brain function during specific tasks |
Box 3.1 PET scan Compared to fMRI | Usually more expensive than fMRI -- fMRI more common in Cognitive Neuroscience |