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Skill/Motor control
Lecture 18 Skill Acquisition & Motor Control & Haberlandt & Discussion 4/9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what was one of the first topics studied in experimental psychology? | the study of motor movements |
| in the motor system muscles represent what? | the effector organs |
| what is the cortex? | the site of the primary control centers of movements |
| what muscles produce movements that act on the environment and are investigated by motor researchers? | skeletal muscles |
| what is proprioception? | the information picked up by sensory receptors sensitive to the position and movement of the muscle |
| what do smooth muscles control? | they control the movement of the body's internal organs |
| the precision of movement depends on.. | the density of axons |
| the more axons there are in a muscle.. | the finer the movement |
| a contraction is the result of the release of | the neurotransmitter acetylcholine |
| what is the cerebellum know to do? | coordinate motor movements control the muscle tone, the base level of tension in a muscle prime the motor system just prior to the onset of a movement contribute to motor learning |
| what is the basal ganglia? | a set of nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallidus) located in the cortex |
| what does the basal ganglia communicate with? | the primary motor cortex and the substantial nigra an other structures involved in motor control |
| what does the basal ganglia do? | is involved in directing the movement of limbs and in coordinating programs fro automatic action |
| what is Parkinson's disease? | a condition afflicting elderly patients with symptoms including tremor of the hands at rest, rigidity of the limbs, and spontaneous motor actions apparently not under the control of the patient |
| when the basal ganglia are impaired, dysfunction of motor control results in | Parkinson's disease |
| Parkinson's disease is linked to a loss of what? | the neurotransmitter dopamine generated in the substantial nigra region |
| lesions of motor regions in the cerebral cortex are known to result in | motor deficiencies on the contralateral side |
| what is the motor homunculus? | a map of the brain regions associated with specific motor areas |
| what is the role of the cerebral cortex? | it is responsible for planning movements rather than their execution |
| what are the cortical areas implicated in motor control? | the prefrontal cortex, the premotor cortex, and the primary motor cortex |
| what is the role of the prefrontal cortex and the premotor cortex? | they govern the temporal sequencing of motor acts, including speech production |
| lesions in the premotor area affect | both learning and execution of motor sequences |
| direct electrical stimulation of specific regions of the primary motor cortex produces | movements in specific body parts |
| what are reaching neurons in the primary motor cortex? | cell groups that are maximally responsive for movements in specific directions while participating in lesser degrees in controlling the movements in neighboring directions |
| what is population coding? | the involvement of a given cell in movements of various directions and, conversely, a movement in a particular direction is associated with the activation of a population of cells |
| what is the advantage of distributed coding? | it protects the motor system better against injury because if some cells become lesioned there are others to make up the slack |
| what is myasthenia gravis? | a muscle weakness associated with malfunction of the transmission of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions |
| what is multiple sclerosis? | a loss of movement typically in the lower torso and limbs due to a loss of myelin sheathing in the motor and sensory tracts |
| what is cerebral palsy? | a set of disabilities encompassing the failure of muscle coordination and an increase in muscle tone leading to muscle rigidity in the limbs and is attributed to a variety of causes including trauma to the brain's motor centers prior or during birth |
| the group of motor disorders know as apraxias is attributed to | lesions in cortical centers that control motor actions, presumably through representations of motor programs |
| what is apraxia? | the inability to execute an intended action even whent he motor system is intact otherwise |
| nuclei in the prefrontal and premotor cortex are thought to be responsible for | the temporal sequencing of movements |
| what is the speed accuracy trade-off? | as you increase the speed of a movement your accuracy decreases |
| movement time increases as a function of | the logarithm of distance (movement time increases as distance increases) |
| Fitts found that movement time varies as | the requirements for precision are varied |
| Fitts Law is that | movement time increased as the distances and difficulty between targets increased and their width decreased MT=a+b * log(2D/W) |
| adding the number of components as a parameter to Fitts original factors of distance and width gives the equation | MT=An+Bn *(D/W)^1/n or as it approaches infinity MT=a+b* loge(D/W) |
| what is the degrees-of-freedom problem | the problem is that in making a movements, the organism has great latitude in combining component movements in order to reach a goal however when the movement is executed only very few of the moments possible are used |
| what does the degrees of freedom of a movement refer to? | the number of distinct ways the movements can be performed |
| what are the 3 factors identified by Rosenbaum that affect the selection of a movement? | efficiency, interactions, mechanics |
| efficiency means | avoiding extremes in those movement parameters that are hardly apparent to casual observations but nevertheless measurable by researchers |
| in interactions between limbs the movements of our limbs and their joints tend to be | coupled so that the movement of one limb or joint limits the movement of the other |
| mechanical properties of the organism and the environment aid in | selecting movements without having to plan and coordinate |
| the serial order of action account states that | each component movement is elicited by sensory feedback of the immediately preceding movement |
| what is coarticulation? | the preparation of a set of movements in its entirety |
| each of the cases of serial motor order reflects a | hierarchical organization of actions |
| hierarchical structures are found in | learning, memory, problem solving, and decision making |
| what was the chaining theory of motor learning replaced with? | the schema theory of motor learning and the stage model of the acquisition of motor skills |
| what is a schema? | a structure of abstract knowledge with variable parameters for filling in more detailed information |
| hierarchies of movements are acquired as a result of | practice |
| Anderson viewed the acquisition of motor skills along with other cognitive skills terms of what 3 stages? | the cognitive stage, the associative stage, and the autonomous stage |
| what happens in the cognitive stage? | the learner acquires the skill through declarative knowledge by following verbal instructions |
| what happens in the associative stage? | the learner tires to gain control over his skills by consciously noting the success and failure of individual movements & only the successful ones are kept |
| what happens during the autonomous stage? | both speed and accuracy of the movement improve & the learner executes movements almost automatically & appears to devote litter effort to them |
| about 80% of all typing errors in skilled typists are | transposition errors and most of these are cross-hand transpositions |
| the great speeds in typing are to some extent due to | preparing and executing keystrokes in parallel |
| according to the speed of interkey stroke intervals model | these short intervals do not reflect complete responses from initiation to pressing |
| the speed of interlay stroke intervals model can handle the parallel occurrence of keystrokes by | assuming separate initiation and completion phases of keystrokes & while excitation and inhibition change quickly, they do so in terms of a gradient |
| between-hand interlay strokes are faster than | within-hand interkey strokes |
| the "Power Law of Practice" states that | as we practice, we consistently get better and faster, but as you get better the rate of improvement decreases |
| in the cognitive stage knowledge may be | independent of skill |
| feedback is important in what stage of learning? | associative stage |
| Adaptive Control of Though (ACT-R) is the | computational model of cognition or cognitive architecture that accounts for higher order cognitive processes where you give the program knowledge and see how it "behaves" |
| ACT-R assumes that | procedural knowledge is separate from declarative & argues that the nature of the memory representation is fundamentally different |
| declarative knowledge in ACT-R is built as a | semantic network |
| procedural memory in ACT-R is stored in | production rules of if-then automatic associations |
| ACT-R makes new productions based on | what's in declarative memory |
| in ACT-R proceduralization is when you | take declarative knowledge and turn it into productions |
| in ACT-R composition is when you | take several productions and join them together into one |
| response chaining originally a behaviorist notion is the idea that | feedback from one movement triggers the next one |
| why is the idea of response chaining incorrect? | because movements occur too quickly & there isn't time to wait for feedback from the previous movement |
| a motor program is a | representation of the plan for movement and movement sequences is fast and doesn't require feedback hierarchical with abstract high level & specific low level |
| writing your name shows evidence for | abstract motor representations & hierarchical representations with lower levels = specific muscle movements & higher levels = abstract representations |
| the Rosenbaum experiments had participants | type with specific fingers and measured the time between responses & showed empirical evidence for hierarchical representation & compared people switching between subprograms vs within a subgroup (slower) |
Created by:
kzegelien2005
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