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PHT301 FINAL
GI SYSTEM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| MAIN USE AND MECHANISM OF ACTION FOR:CHOLINERGIC DRUGS | Used for constipation, glaucoma, BPH. MOA: Mimics the action of PSNS AKA PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS |
| MAIN USE AND MOA FOR ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS: | Used in tx of diarrhea, overactive bladder, asthma. MOA: AKA parasympatholytics, block the action of acetylcholine |
| MAIN USE AND MOA FOR ANTACIDS | Used in Tx of GERD. MOA: neutralizes gastric hydrochloric acid |
| MAIN USE AND MOA FOR H-2 BLOCKERS | Used in tx of alcers and GERD MOA: Inhibits the interaction of histamine with H-2 Receptors |
| MAIN USE AND MOA FOR PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS: | Used in tx of GERD. MOA: Blocks the final step of acid production by inhibiting the enzyme that causes the exchange between hydrogen and potassium ions within the parietal cells H+(ATP)System |
| MAIN USE AND MOA FOR ANTI-EMETICS | Used in tx of nausea/vomiting (due to chemotherapy, motion sickness, other) MOA: Prevents stimuation of afferent nerves and blocks bringing in information to CRTZ or CTZ (Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone - the vomiting center)to prevent vomiting |
| MAIN USE AND MOA FOR EMETICS | Used to remove poisons not yet digested by system MOA: Induces vomiting by triggering CTZ and irritating the lining of stomach |
| MAIN USE AND MOA FOR ANTIDIARRHEALS | Used to tx acute or chronic diarrhea. MOA: Decreases intestinal motility and/or remove intestinal irritant |
| MAIN USE AND MOA FOR LAXATIVES | Used to tx constipation. MOA: Stimulates defecation without straining, stress or pain |
| The nutrient value that prevents deficiencies in 98% of the population is the _____________ | Recommended Dietary Allowance |
| The main function of carbohydrates in the body is to ____________________ | provide energy |
| The hormone _________________ regulates electrolyte levels and body fluid levels. | Mineralcorticoids (ex: Aldosterone) |
| The main function of protein the the body is to _________ | build new cells, muscle and tissue. |
| Macronutrients consist of | carbs, proteins,lipids |
| Rings of smooth muscle help to produce a wave of synchronized contractions called _____________ | peristalsis |
| A sore on the inside wall of the stomach or intestine is called ______________ | an ulcer. |
| The small intestine consists of 3 parts: | 1)Duodenum 2)Jejunum 3)Ileum |
| 80% of all ulcers found in the small intestine are found in the _______________ | duodenum. |
| 80% of food is chmically digested in _______________ of the small intestine. | duodenum |
| The __________ cells of the stomach make and secrete hydrochloric acid. | parietal |
| The condition in which stomach acid is allowed to back up into the esophagus is called ______ | GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease) |
| ____________is commonly known as heartburn. | GERD.(Gastroesophageal reflux disease) |
| The digestive system extends from the _____________. | mouth to the anus. |
| GI Ulcers can be treated by any combination of the following types of drugs: | Antacid, H-2 Blockers, Proton Pump Inhibitors, and carafate (1 gram) |
| _______________is an anti-emetic that can be purchases without a rx. | Antivert, Bonine (meclizine) |
| Peptic ulcers CAN be caused by extended NSAID use | TRUE |
| Migraines CAN trigger nausea and vomiting. | TRUE |
| Antacids DO NOT prevent acid from being released by the parietal cells of the stomach. | TRUE (Neutralizes acid) |
| ALL H-2 Blockers ARE available over-the-counter without a rx. | TRUE |
| Antihistamines CAN be used to reat nausea and vomiting | TRUE |
| The pancreas secretes both _________ and _________. | insulin, glucagon |
| What do the hormones insulin and glucagon do? | Insulin lowers blood sugar, glucagon raises blood sugar. |
| What cells of the pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon? | Insulin from Beta, Glucagon from Alpha |
| What are som common symptoms of Diabetes? | *frequent urination (polyuria), *excessive thirst (polydipsia), *exaggerated hunger (polyphagia), also unusual weight loss, lack of energy and frequent infections |
| The hormone _____________ promotes synthesis and retention of proteins for muscle and bone. | Testosterone |
| Six main parts of the GI System:** | Mouth, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
| _____________ provide immediate energy and are the most readily available sources of food energy. | Carbohydrates |
| Antacid + Gastric Acid ----> **** | Neutral Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide |
| _________ is necessary to make and repair body cells, tissue, and muscle. | Protein |
| How to Proton Pump Inhibitors work? | Inhibits the enzyme that causes the exchange between hydrogen & potassium ions in parietal cells blocking final step of acid production |
| The "master gland" of the endocrine system is the ____________ | Pituitary |
| The thyroid-stimulating factor (TSH)stimulates the thyroid to release ___________________ | T3, T4, and Calcitonin |
| What is the target organ for prolactin? | Mammary Glands |
| ACTH causes the growth of the ____________ and synthesis and secretion of ______________. | Adrenal cortex, cortisol |
| The hormone _______________ regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins. | Glucocorticoids (ex: Cortisol) |
| _____________are all factors that can cause ulcers. | NSAIDS, H. Pylori infection, smoking, alcohol, excessive peristalsis, anti-cholingeric drugs, food sensitivity |
| _________________ steriods are available by RX only. | Oral |
| Know the following trade their generics: | Pepcid(Famotidine)Prevacid (Lansoprazole)Tagamet (Cimetidine)Axid (Nizatidine)Nexium (Esomeprazole)Zantac (Ranitidine)Prilosec (Omeprazole)Protonix (Pantoprazole) |
| Hypothalamus | Sends information to Pituitary Gland regarding body statis. Produces Releasing & Inhibiting Factors, oxytocin and ADH (anti-diuretic)hormones |
| Pituitary Gland | Master gland is stimulated by hormones produced in Hypothalamus. Anterior Pit produces tropic hormones TSH, FSH, LH, PROLACTIN, GH & ACTH. Stores Oxytocin and ADH (Anti-Diuretic)in posterior pit. |
| Thyroid Gland | Regulates metabolism. Stimulated by TSH from Pituitary and releases T3 (triodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine)from follicular cells (only cells that can absorb iodine) & (TCT)Calcitonin |
| Parathyroid Gland | Regulates Calcium levels when stimulated by the PTSH from Pituitary and releases PTH |
| Pancreas | Regulates body sugar levels. Stimulated by Pituitary gland to produce insulin (beta cells), glucagon (alpha cells) and somatstatin (delta cells). Insulin reduces blood sugar, Glucagon ^ blood sugar levels, somatstatin inhibits prod. of insulin & glucagon |
| Adrenal glands | Regulates metabolism of Carbs, proteins, & fluid balance. Stim. by ACTH from Pit Gland to produce/secrete cortisol (glucocorticoid) & aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) |
| Gonads - testes & ovaries | Stimulated by FSH & LH from Pit gland to produce (ovaries)estrogen (2ndary sex char/progesterone (ut lining) and (testes) sperm & testosterone |
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lk32381
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