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A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop
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A rise in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will cause a __________ in pH and a __________ in blood bicarbonate levels.
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chapter 27 homework
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop | metabolic acidosis. |
| A rise in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will cause a __________ in pH and a __________ in blood bicarbonate levels. | fall; rise |
| In which body fluid do the phosphate and protein buffer systems help regulate the pH? (Figure 27-10) | intracellular fluid |
| Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by all of the following mechanisms except | increasing PNS activity. |
| A patient with severe diarrhea is losing all of the following EXCEPT __________ from his body. | hydrogen ions |
| ________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst. | ADH |
| Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called | electrolytes |
| Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in regard to understanding fluid balance and electrolyte balance? | The body's content of water or electrolytes will decrease if dietary gains exceed losses to the environment. |
| Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the | capillaries. |
| Which class of acid will have an increased concentration in someone who is suffocating? | volatile acids |
| When the pH ________, a state of acidosis exists. | falls below 7.35 |
| Which of these is NOT part of the maintenance of balance in body fluids? | nutrient balance |
| A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of | chronic respiratory acidosis. |
| Drinking a liter of water will cause all these changes EXCEPT __________. | ADH release |
| Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? | consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) |
| Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? | consequence of prolonged vomiting |
| When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists. | alkalosis |
| Water molecules move across cells by | osmosis |
| A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to settle an upset stomach risks | metabolic alkalosis. |
| The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and | bicarbonate |
| Which of the following buffer systems is the most important in the extracellular fluid? | carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system |
| A drowning victim will likely experience a period of ________ until resuscitation begins. | acute respiratory acidosis |
| In response to respiratory alkalosis, the | kidneys retain more hydrogen ions. |
| Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of | carbon dioxide. |
| An increase in salt intake will lead to all these changes EXCEPT __________. | increased aldosterone secretion |
| Maintenance of normal fluid homeostasis requires all of these EXCEPT __________. | caloric balance |
| Consuming a meal high in salt will | result in a temporary increase in blood volume. |
| Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid. | extracellular |
| The normal pH range for ECF is | 7.35 to 7.45. |
| The most dangerous problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of | potassium ions. |
| If a hypertonic sodium chloride solution is injected into a patient's vein, this will cause a shift of water from __________ and cause cells to __________. | the ICF to the ECF; shrink |
| When water is lost from the ECF, but electrolytes are retained, | osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF. |
| Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume? | natriuretic peptides |
| natriuretic peptides | fall; carbon dioxide |
| Which of the following is a renal response to acidosis? | increasing secretion of hydrogen ions |
| Extreme losses of bicarbonate ions, such as in diarrhea, will cause | metabolic acidosis. |
| Which factor contributes to the fluid and acid-base imbalance common in the elderly? | reduced ADH sensitivity |
| If a person loses 750 mg/day of sodium in urine, sweat, and feces, to remain in electrolyte balance, he or she will need to consume at least __________ daily. | 750 mg of sodium ion |
| The two organs that play an important role in maintaining acid-base balance are the | lungs and kidneys. |
| A drop in blood pH will be compensated for by __________. | excreting more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions |
| In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water. | 50 |
| Severe kidney damage, such as glomerulonephritis, often leads to | metabolic acidosis. |
| What is the kidney's response to alkalosis caused by the removal of H+? (Figure 27-14) | conserve H+ and secrete HCO3- |
| All of the following are components of ECF except | RBCs. |
| How do the lungs respond to metabolic acidosis? (Figure 27-16) | lungs increase respiratory rate |
| The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to | limit pH changes caused by metabolic and fixed acids. |
| A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing all of the following except ________ from his body. | protein |
| The two major subdivisions of the ECF are the | interstitial fluid and plasma. |
| In what body fluid compartment is there normally a high concentration of potassium? | the intracellular fluid (ICF) |
| Which hormone is important in regulating the amount of potassium and sodium in the body fluids? | aldosterone |
| Which hormone is important in regulating the amount of potassium and sodium in the body fluids? | aldosterone |
| . Approximately 1200 mL of water is lost from the ECF through urine. What other regular method of water loss accounts for a similarly large movement of water from the ECF? | water vapor from the skin and lungs |
| Which hormone is released from the pituitary in an effort to promote water retention at the kidneys? | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion? | aldosterone |
| Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by | the kidneys. |
| Which of the buffer systems shown in the picture buffers pH in the ICF and ECF? | protein buffer systems |
| A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere. | volatile |
| What is a serious condition that could occur if the potassium ion concentration is >7 mEq/L? (Figure 27-7) | cardiac arrhythmias |
| What happens to pH when PCO2 increases above 45 mm Hg? | pH will fall below 7.35. |
| Treating chronic heartburn with excessive sodium bicarbonate can lead to the acid-base disturbance known as __________. | metabolic alkalosis |
| Elevated blood potassium triggers __________ release from the __________. | aldosterone, adrenal cortex |
| Aldosterone | promotes sodium retention in the kidneys. |
| Which of the following is not considered a cause of hyperhydration? | excessive diarrhea and vomiting due to illness |
| A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n) | buffer. |
| The principal cation in intracellular fluid is | potassium. |
| Hypoventilation leads to | respiratory acidosis. |
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brina192