chapter 27 homework

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Question

Answer

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop

metabolic acidosis.

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A rise in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will cause a __________ in pH and a __________ in blood bicarbonate levels.

fall; rise

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In which body fluid do the phosphate and protein buffer systems help regulate the pH? (Figure 27-10)

intracellular fluid

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Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by all of the following mechanisms except

increasing PNS activity.

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A patient with severe diarrhea is losing all of the following EXCEPT __________ from his body.

hydrogen ions

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________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst.

ADH

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Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called

electrolytes

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Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in regard to understanding fluid balance and electrolyte balance?

The body's content of water or electrolytes will decrease if dietary gains exceed losses to the environment.

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Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

capillaries.

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Which class of acid will have an increased concentration in someone who is suffocating?

volatile acids

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When the pH ________, a state of acidosis exists.

falls below 7.35

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Which of these is NOT part of the maintenance of balance in body fluids?

nutrient balance

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A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

chronic respiratory acidosis.

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Drinking a liter of water will cause all these changes EXCEPT __________.

ADH release

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Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)

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Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

consequence of prolonged vomiting

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When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.

alkalosis

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Water molecules move across cells by

osmosis

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A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to settle an upset stomach risks

metabolic alkalosis.

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The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and

bicarbonate

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Which of the following buffer systems is the most important in the extracellular fluid?

carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system

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A drowning victim will likely experience a period of ________ until resuscitation begins.

acute respiratory acidosis

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In response to respiratory alkalosis, the

kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

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Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of

carbon dioxide.

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An increase in salt intake will lead to all these changes EXCEPT __________.

increased aldosterone secretion

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Maintenance of normal fluid homeostasis requires all of these EXCEPT __________.

caloric balance

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Consuming a meal high in salt will

result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

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Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid.

extracellular

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The normal pH range for ECF is

7.35 to 7.45.

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The most dangerous problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

potassium ions.

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If a hypertonic sodium chloride solution is injected into a patient's vein, this will cause a shift of water from __________ and cause cells to __________.

the ICF to the ECF; shrink

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When water is lost from the ECF, but electrolytes are retained,

osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

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Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

natriuretic peptides

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natriuretic peptides

fall; carbon dioxide

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Which of the following is a renal response to acidosis?

increasing secretion of hydrogen ions

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Extreme losses of bicarbonate ions, such as in diarrhea, will cause

metabolic acidosis.

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Which factor contributes to the fluid and acid-base imbalance common in the elderly?

reduced ADH sensitivity

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If a person loses 750 mg/day of sodium in urine, sweat, and feces, to remain in electrolyte balance, he or she will need to consume at least __________ daily.

750 mg of sodium ion

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The two organs that play an important role in maintaining acid-base balance are the

lungs and kidneys.

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A drop in blood pH will be compensated for by __________.

excreting more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions

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In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

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Severe kidney damage, such as glomerulonephritis, often leads to

metabolic acidosis.

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What is the kidney's response to alkalosis caused by the removal of H+? (Figure 27-14)

conserve H+ and secrete HCO3-

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All of the following are components of ECF except

RBCs.

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How do the lungs respond to metabolic acidosis? (Figure 27-16)

lungs increase respiratory rate

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The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

limit pH changes caused by metabolic and fixed acids.

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A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing all of the following except ________ from his body.

protein

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The two major subdivisions of the ECF are the

interstitial fluid and plasma.

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In what body fluid compartment is there normally a high concentration of potassium?

the intracellular fluid (ICF)

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Which hormone is important in regulating the amount of potassium and sodium in the body fluids?

aldosterone

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Which hormone is important in regulating the amount of potassium and sodium in the body fluids?

aldosterone

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. Approximately 1200 mL of water is lost from the ECF through urine. What other regular method of water loss accounts for a similarly large movement of water from the ECF?

water vapor from the skin and lungs

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Which hormone is released from the pituitary in an effort to promote water retention at the kidneys?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?

aldosterone

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Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

the kidneys.

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Which of the buffer systems shown in the picture buffers pH in the ICF and ECF?

protein buffer systems

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A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

volatile

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What is a serious condition that could occur if the potassium ion concentration is >7 mEq/L? (Figure 27-7)

cardiac arrhythmias

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What happens to pH when PCO2 increases above 45 mm Hg?

pH will fall below 7.35.

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Treating chronic heartburn with excessive sodium bicarbonate can lead to the acid-base disturbance known as __________.

metabolic alkalosis

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Elevated blood potassium triggers __________ release from the __________.

aldosterone, adrenal cortex

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Aldosterone

promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

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Which of the following is not considered a cause of hyperhydration?

excessive diarrhea and vomiting due to illness

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A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

buffer.

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The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

potassium.

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Hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis.

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