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AP Psych: Mod 45-54
Meyers Unit 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. |
| Developmental psychology focuses on three major issues... | 1) nature and nurture, 2) continuity and stages. 3) stability and change |
| zygote | the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. |
| embryo | the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. |
| placenta | life-link that transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo. |
| fetus | the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. |
| teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo and fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In sever cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. |
| epigenetic effect | leaving chemical marks on DNA that switch gene abnormalities on or off. |
| rooting reflex | a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple. |
| habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |
| maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.; |
| pruning process | removal of unnecessary or unused synaptic connections. |
| cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
| schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. |
| assimilation | interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas. |
| accommodation | adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. |
| Piaget's Theory 4 stages... | sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational. |
| sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. |
| objective permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. |
| preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) in which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. |
| conservation | the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |
| egocentrism | in Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view. |
| curse of knowledge | the more familiar you are with something, the harder it is to put yourself in the shoes of someone who's not familiar with that thing. |
| theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict. |
| autism spectrum disorder (ASD) | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of minds. |
| concrete operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. |
| formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. |
| Lev Vygotsky believed that... | mind grows through interaction with social environment. |
| zone of proximal development | zone between what a child can and can't do-what a child can do with help. |
| stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. |
| attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. |
| Harlow's Moneys | monkeys preferred the comfy mom rather than the metal mom that fed them. |
| critical period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. |
| imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. |
| temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. |
| basic trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. |
| self-concept | a sense of one's identity and personal worth. |
| authoritarian parenting style | parents impose rules and expect obedience. |
| permissive parenting style | parents submit to their child's desires, make few demands and use little punishment. |
| authortative parenting style | parents are both demanding and responsive, set rules and enforce them but also explain the reason for the rules. Open discussion and allow expectations. |
| family self | a feeling that what shames or honors a child shames or honors the family. |
| gender | the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male or female. |
| gender roles | a set of expected behaviors for males or for females. |
| role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in position ought to behave. |
| social learning theory | we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished. |
| selection effect | teens seek out peers with similar attitudes and and they will eventually form groups. |
| adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. |
| moral reasoning | thinking that occurs as we consider right from wrong. |
| moral intuition | quick gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions. |
| Kohlberg's three levels of cognitive development... | preconventional (INDIVIDUAL), conventional (GROUP), and postconventional(BOTH-potentially have personal suffering). |
| idenity | our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of sense by testing and integrating various roles. |
| social identiy | "we" aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group membership. |
| intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationship; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. |
| emerging adulthood | for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. |
| testosterone | most important male sex hormones. Both sexes have it but additional male testosterone is found in males stimulate the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and development of male sex characteristics during puberty. |
| puberty | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. |
| primary sex characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. |
| secondary sex characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. |
| menarche | the first menstrual period. |
| intersex | born with intermediate or unusual combinations of male and female physical features. |
| AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) | a life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV. Depletes the immune system leaving the person vulnerable to infections. |
| menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. |
| cross-sectional study | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. |
| longitudinal study | research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. |
| chance have | more of a life significance. |
| generativity | being productive and supportive of future generations. |
| integrity | a feeling that one's life has been meaningful and worthwhile. |
| assimilation | adding to an existing schema. |
| accommodation | modifying or creating schemas. |
| Three types of temperament... | 1) easy, 2) slow to warm up, 3) diffiuclt |
| Four types of attachment... | 1) secure, 2) anxious, 3) avoidant, 4) fearful |
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