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Chapter 2
General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define anatomy | the science of the structure of the body |
| Define physiology | the study of the function of the body organs |
| Define osteology | the detailed study of the bones of the body |
| Describe the anatomical position | Body standing erect, face and eyes directed forward, arms extended by the sides with the palms facing forward, heels together, toes pointing anteriorly with the great toes touching |
| List the 4 fundamental planes of the body | Sagittal, coronal, horizontal, oblique |
| Any plane passing vertically through the body from front to back and dividing the body into right and left segments is called the _________ plane. | sagittal |
| Any plane passing vertically through the body from side to side and diving the body into anterior and posterior segments is called the _______ plane. | coronal |
| The plane that passes vertically through the midline of the body from side to side and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior segments is called the ____ plane. | Midcoronal |
| The plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left haves is called the _______ plane. | Midsagittal |
| A plane that passes crosswise through the body and decides the body into superior and inferior segments is the ____ plane or _____ plane. | Horizontal (also called transverse or axial plane) |
| List the two major cavities of the torso | Thoracic and abdominal |
| What cavity is the liver in? | Abdominal |
| What cavity are the lungs in? | Thoracic |
| What cavity is the heart in? | Thoracic |
| What cavity is the uterus in? | Pelvic |
| What cavity is the spleen in? | Abdominal |
| What cavity is the rectum in? | Pelvic |
| What cavity are the ureters in? | Abdominal |
| What cavity is the trachea in? | Thoracic |
| What cavity are the ovaries in? | Pelvic |
| What cavity is the esophagus in? | Thoracic |
| C1 external landmark | Mastoid tip |
| C3,4 external landmark | Hyoid bone |
| C5 external landmark | Thyroid cartilage |
| C7,T1 external landmark | Vertebra prominens |
| T2,3 external landmark | Level of jugular notch |
| T4,5 external landmark | Level of sternal angle |
| T7 external landmark | Level of inferiors angles of scapulae |
| T9,10 external landmark | Level of xiphoid process |
| L2,3 external landmark | Inferiors costal margin |
| L4,5 external landmark | Level of superior most aspect of iliac crests |
| S1,2 external landmark | Level of anterior superior iliac spines |
| Coccyx external landmark | Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters |
| How many bones comprise the typical adult skeleton? | 206 |
| 2 main skeletal divisions that make up bony framework of the body? | appendicular and axial |
| 4 main parts of the axial skeleton? | neck, skull, thorax, vertebral column |
| 4 main parts of the appendicular skeleton? | pelvic girdle, shoulder girdle, upper and lower limbs |
| Compact bone | outer layer of bony tissue |
| Spongy bone | Inner trabeculated portion of the bone |
| Medullary cavity | central cylindrical canal of long bones |
| Periosteum | tough, fibrous membrane that covers the bone (except where bone is covered by articular cartilage) |
| 5 classifications (by shape) of bones | flat, long, short, irregular, sesamoid |
| Bone classification of tibia | long |
| Bone classification of lunate | short |
| Bone classification of radius | long |
| Bone classification of patella | sesamoid |
| Bone classification of scapula | flat |
| Bone classification of maxilla | irregular |
| Bone classification of vertebrae | irregular |
| Define long bones | consist of a body and two articular ends |
| define short bones | consist mainly of spongy tissue and have only a thin outer layer of compact bone |
| define flat bones | consist mainly of compact bone in the form of two places that enclose a layer of spongey tissue |
| define irregular bones | cannot be defined as long, short or flat bones because of their peculiar shape |
| define sesamoid bones | small oval bones that develop in and near tendons and function to protect tendons from excessive tear |
| 2 classifications of joints | functional and structural |
| 3 structural classifications of articulations | fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial |
| synovial movement | freely movable |
| fibrous movement | immovable |
| cartilaginous movement | limited or slight movement |
| knee functional and structural classification | diarthrodial; synovial |
| cranial sutures functional and structural classification | synarthrodial; fibrous |
| pubic symphysis functional and structural classification | amphiathrodial; cartilaginous |
| fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint | articular capsule |
| joint in which 2 bones are joined by hyaline cartilage | synchondrosis |
| lubricant and nutrient compound found within synovial joints | synovial fluid |
| joining together of two midline bones in the body by a plate of fibrocartilage | symphysis |
| fluid-containing sacs that are interposed between sliding surfaces to reduce friction | bursae |
| fibrocartilaginous disk pad located between the ends of bones in some synovial joint | meniscus |
| gliding (plane) joint type of movement | sliding, gliding |
| hinge (ginglymus) joint type of movement | flexion, extension |
| pivot (trochaic) joint type of movement | rotation |
| ellipsoid (condyloid) joint type of movement | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction |
| saddle (sellar) joint type of movement | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction |
| ball and socket (spheroid) joint type of movement | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation |
| the hip is what kind of joint? | ball and socket (spheroid) |
| the knee is what kind of joint? | hinge (ginglymus) |
| the elbow is what kind of joint? | hinge (ginglymus) |
| the wrist is what kind of joint? | ellipsoid (condyloid) |
| the shoulder is what kind of joint? | ball and socket (spheroid) |
| C1/C2 are what kind of joints? | pivot (trochoid) |
| the intertarsal articulations are what kind of joints? | gliding (plane) |
| the interphalangeal articulations are what kind of joints? | hinge (ginglymus) |
| the metacarpopophalangeal articulation is what kind of joint? | ellipsoid (condyloid) |
| the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is what kind of joint? | saddle (sellar) |
| head | expanded end of a long bone |
| horn | horn like process on a bone |
| crest | ridge like process |
| facet | small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation |
| spine | sharp process |
| styloid | long, pointed process |
| tubercle | small, rounded, elevated process |
| condyle | rounded process at an articular extremity |
| hamulus | hook shaped process |
| coracoid | beak like process |
| malleolus | club shaped process |
| trochanter | large, rounded, elevated process located at the junction of the neck and shaft of the femur |
| tuberosity | large, rounded, elevated process |
| epicondyle | projection about a condyle |
| protuberance | bony protection |
| fossa | pit, fovea, or hollow |
| sinus | recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space |
| sulcus | furrow, trench, or fissure like depression |
| groove | shallow, linear depression |
| fissure | cleft or groove |
| foramen | hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves |
| deep | refers to parts far from the surface |
| distal | refers to parts farthest from the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning |
| lateral | refers to parts away from the median plane of the body or away from the middle of a part to the right or left |
| dorsal | refers to the back part of the body or an organ |
| medial | refers to parts towards the median plane of the body, or towards the middle of a body part |
| central | refers to the middle area or main part of an organ |
| ventral | refers to the forward or front part of the body or to the forward part of an organ |
| caudad | refers to parts away from the head of the body |
| palmar | refers to the palm of the hand |
| plantar | refers to the sole of the foot |
| inferior | refers to nearer the feet or situated below |
| internal | refers to a part within or on the side of an organ |
| dorsum | refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot, or to the back or posterior surface of the hand |
| visceral | refers to the covering of an organ |
| anterior | refers to the forward or front part of the body or to the forward part of an organ |
| external | refers to the part outside of an organ or on the outside of the body |
| superior | refers to nearer the head or situated above |
| proximal | refers to parts nearest the point of attachment, point of reference, origin or beginning |
| cephalad | refers to parts towards the head of the body |
| posterior | refers to the back part of the body or an organ |
| ipsilateral | refers to a part on the same side of the body |
| peripheral | refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of a body part |
| superficial | refers to a part near the skin or surface |
| contralateral | refers to a part or parts on the opposite side of the body |
| define projection | refers to the path of the CR |
| define position | a specific pt body position |
| define view | the body part as it is seen from the perspective of an X-ray film or other recording medium |
| define method | denotes the originator of a particular radiographic procedure, or additional specifies placement of the IR and CR |
| Is AP a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | projection |
| Is supine a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | body position |
| Is upright a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | body position |
| Is AP axial a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | projection |
| Is lordotic a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | radiographic position |
| Îs recumbent a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | body position |
| Is tangential a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | projection |
| Is AP oblique a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | projection |
| Is dorsoplantar a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | projection |
| Is left lateral a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | radiographic position |
| Is transthoracic a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | projection |
| Is trendelenburg a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | body position |
| Is parietoacanthial a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | projection |
| Is RAO a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | radiographic position |
| Is right lateral decubitus a projection, a body position, or radiographic position? | radiographic position |
| CR is angled longitudinally with the long axis of the body | axial |
| CR enters the anterior body surface and exits posterior body surface | AP |
| CR enters posterior body surface and exits anterior body surface | PA |
| CR enters the side or lateral aspect of the body or body part and exits the other side | lateral |
| CR enters the body or body part from a side angle into the anterior or posterior surface of the body | oblique |
| CR is directed toward the outer margin of a curved body to profile a body part and project it free of superimposition | tangential |
| lying face down | prone |
| lying on the back | supine |
| lying down in any position | recumbent |
| erect or marked by a vertical position | upright |
| lying spine with head lower than feet | trendelenburg |
| lying supine with the head higher than the feet | Fowlers |
| tilt | movement of a part so that the sagittal (longitudinal) plane is angled so it is not parallel with the long access of the body |
| rotate | to turn around an axis |
| flexion | bending movement of a joint whereby the angle between contiguous bones is diminished |
| pronate | to turn the forearm so the palm of the hand faces backwards |
| eversion | movement of the foot when it is turned outward at the ankle joint |
| supinate | to turn the forearm so the palm of the hand faces forward |
| deviation | a turning away from the regular, standard or course |
| extension | straightening of a joint |
| inversion | movement of a foot when it is turned inward at the ankle joint |
| abduction | movement away from the central axis of the body or body part |
| adduction | movement of a part toward the central axis of a body or body part |
| hyperflexion | forced or excessive flexion of a joint or part |
| circumduction | circular movement of a limb |
| hyperextension | forced or excessive straightening of a joint |
| dorsiflexion | flexion of a foot toward the leg |
| plural of ala | alae |
| plural of alveolus | alveoli |
| plural of appendix | appendices |
| plural of calculus | calculi |
| plural of diagnosis | diagnoses |
| plural of diverticulum | diverticula |
| plural of ganglion | ganglia |
| plural of ilium | ilia |
| plural of lamina | laminae |
| plural of metastasis | metastases |
| define ARRT | American Registry of Radiologic Technologists |
| define ASIS | anterior superior iliac spine |
| RAO | right anterior oblique |
| LPO | left posterior oblique |
| US | ultrasound |
| LUQ | left upper quadrant |
| CT | computed tomography |
| Which term refers to the study of the function of the body organs? | physiology |
| What are the 4 fundamental body planes? | sagittal, coronal, horizontal (transverse), oblique |
| Which plane divides the body into equal R and L halves? | midsagittal |
| Which are the 2 greatest cavities of the torso? | abdominal and thoracic |
| Which body structure is located within the thoracic cavity? | heart |
| In which quadrant of the abdomen is the appendix located? | RLQ |
| Which region of the abdomen is location below the umbilical region? | hypogastrium |
| Which vertebra is located at the level xiphoid process? | T10 |
| Which body habitus represents a person of large massive stature in whom the stomach is located high and nearly horizontal within the abdomen? | hypersthenic |
| Excluding small sesamoid and accessory bones in the skull, how many bones comprise the skeleton? | 206 |
| Bones are classified according to their ____? | shape |
| which bone classifications are vertebrae? | irregular |
| which bone classification is the trapezium? | short |
| which bone classification consists largely of compact cortex tissue in the form of two plates that enclose a layer of dipole | flat |
| which term specifically refers to the study of the joints | arthrology |
| which strucural classification of articulations refers to joints that have only limited or slight movement? | cartilaginous |
| which functional classification of articulations are synovial joints? | diarthroses |
| Which structural classification of articulations are cranial sutures? | fibrous |
| which type of movement occurs in a hinge joint? | flexion and extension |
| which of the following joints is an example of an ellipsoid joint? | metacarpophalangeal |
| which term refers to a long pointed process? | styloid |
| which term for a depression refers to a hole in a bone through which blood vessels and nerves pass? | foramen |
| which term refers to a fracture in which a broken bone projects through the skin? | open |
| which term refers to a body part on the opposite side of the body? | contralateral |
| which term refers to the path of the CR | projection |
| which term refers to a general body position: axial recumbent tangential LAO | recumbent |
| which term refers to the movement of a body part away from the central axis of the body? | abduction |
| which term is the plural form of diagnosis | diagnoses |
| which body position describes the pt laying face down on the radiographic table? | prone |
| which plane is positioned at a right angle to the sagittal and coronal planes? | horizontal (transverse) |
| which vertebra is located at the level of the inferior angles of scapulae? | T7 |
| which vertebra is located at the level of the iliac crest? | L4 |
| which body habitus represents a person with organs and characteristics that are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body habitus types and is the most difficult to classify? | hyposthenic |
| what term is used when the CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface? | AP |
| what projection results from a ventral/dorsal decubitus position? | lateral |
| what projection is obtained when a pt is in an RAO position? | PA oblique |
| what term is applied when the CR is angled more than 10 degrees | axial |
| which term refers to a recumbent position with a horizontal CR | decubitus |
Created by:
sschulz24
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