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EPPP Brain Regions
Cerebral Cortex
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cerebral Cortex contains | 4 lobes; prefrontal temporal parietal occipital |
| Frontal lobe contains: | Broca's area prefrontal cortex supplementary motor cortex premotor cortex primary motor cortex |
| Broca's area | Major language area, located in dominant (usually left) frontal lobe |
| Damage to Broca's area produces | Broca's aphasia (expressive aphasia and non-fluent aphasia) |
| Broca's aphasia symptoms | Slow, labored speech, consisting of nouns and verbs. Impaired repetition and anomia (inability to recall names of familiar objects. Intact comprehension of written and spoken language. |
| Prefrontal cortex function | Executive functions, planning, decision making, social judgment, and self monitoring |
| Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damage symptoms | Concrete thinking, impaired judgement, impaired insight, poor planning ability, deficits in working memory, perseverative responses, disinterest and apathy. |
| Orbitofrontal cortex damage symptoms | Poor impulse control, social inappropriateness, lack of concern for others, aggressive/antisocial behavior, distractibility, affective lability. |
| Ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage symptoms | Impaired decision making/moral judgement, lack of insight, deficits in social cognition, reduced empathy, confabulation and blunted emotional responses. |
| Supplementary motor cortex | Involved in planning and coordinating self-initiated complex movements. Also active with imaging performing movements or watching others. |
| Premotor cortex | Involved in planning and coordinating complex movements triggered by external stimuli. Active when imagine performing or watching others perform movements. |
| Primary motor cortex | Executes movements by sending signals to muscles. Receive signals from supplementary motor cortex and premotor cortex. |
| Temporal Lobe consists of | auditory cortex and Wernicke's area |
| Auditory Cortex responsible | processing sound |
| Auditory Cortex damage | Auditory agnosia, auditory hallucinations, cortical deafness |
| Wernicke's area responsibility | Major language area. Located in dominant (usually left) hemisphere |
| Wernicke's damage | Wernicke's aphasia. Aka: receptive aphasia and fluent aphasia, impaired comprehension of written and spoken language, impaired repetition, anomia. Note: their speech is fluent. Contains word substitutions and other errors and is devoid of meaning. |
| Arcuate fasciculus purpose and damage | Connects Wernicke's area to Broca's area. Damage produces conduction aphasia. |
| Conduction aphasia meaning | Relatively intact comprehension with fluent speech than contains many errors, impaired repetition and anomia. |
| Parietal Lobe contains | Somatosensory cortex. Processes sensory info: touch, pressure, temperature, pain and body position |
| Somatosensory cortex damage | Anosognosia, Tactile agnosia, Apraxia, Contralateral neglect, Gertmann's syndrome |
| Asomatognosia meaning | lack of interest in or recognition of one or more body parts. |
| Apraxia | Inability to perform purposeful, skilled movements that is not due to motor, sensory or language impairment |
| Tactile agnosia | Inability to recognize object by touch |
| Anosognosia | Denial of one's illness |
| Types of Apraxia | Limb-kinetic apraxia ideomotor apraxia Ideation apraxia |
| Limb-kinetic apraxia meaning | Inability to make precise, coordinated movements, using a finger, hand, arm or leg |
| Ideomotor apraxia | Inability to imitate motor activity in response to a verbal request (pretend to comb hair) |
| Ideational apraxia | Inability to plan and execute sequence tasks (steps to make a sandwich) |
| Contralateral neglect/unilateral neglect/hemi-spatial neglect | damage to the right (non dominant) parietal lobe. Neglect to the left side of the body. |
| Gerstmann's syndrome | damage to the left (dominant) parietal lobe. right-left disorientation, finger agnosia, agraphia (writing skills) and acalculia (arithmetic skills) |
| Occipital Lobe contains | Visual cortex |
| Visual cortex responsibility | Processes visual information |
| Visual cortex damage can cause | visual agnosia visual hallucinations achromatopsia cortical blindness |
| Cortical blindness | Primary visual cortex is damaged while the eyes and optical nerves are intact. |
| Blindsight | Do not consciously see a visual stimulus but has appropriate physiological and behavioral responses (reaching for an object they claim that they can't see) |
| Affective blindsight | Respond appropriately to emotional stimuli they can't see (seeing photos to a happy or angry face). |
| Bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal junction can cause | Prosopagnosia |
| Prosopagnosia meaning | Inability to recognize familiar faces, in some cases, their own and/or faces of pets and other familiar animals |
| Split-brain patients example shown to left (dominant) | Shown a spoon to left (dominant) hemisphere, patient can see and touch spoon with their right hand but could not from their left side. |
| Agnosia meaning | difficulty processing sensory information |
| Split-brain patients example shown to right (non-dominant) | Shown right (nondominant), patient can't see a spoon but could pick out a spoon by touch with their left hands but not with their right hands. |
| Aphasia meaning | Can affect a person's ability to understand and express written and spoken language and ability to read and write. |
| Wernicke's aphasia | Impaired comprehension of written and spoken language, impaired repetition, and anomia |
Created by:
achesnut
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