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PSY-110 Exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| operant conditioning | complex, voluntary, consequential |
| classical conditioning | automatic, reflexive |
| positive reinforcement | pleasant stimulus added (ex. praise) |
| positive punishment | unpleasant stimulus added (ex. more chores) |
| negative reinforcement | unpleasant stimulus removed (ex. less chores) |
| negative punishment | pleasant stimulus removed (ex. phone taken away) |
| extinction | if reinforcer is removed and targeted behavior continues as it did before reinforcement/punishment |
| spontaneous recovery | reappearance of response |
| stimulus generalization | same response to similar stimuli (ex. circles and ovals) |
| stimulus discrimination | different response to similar stimuli (ex. circles, NOT ovals) |
| continuous reinforcement | best for acquisition |
| partial reinforcement | best for extinction resistance |
| fixed ratio schedule | every x times a response occurs, reinforcer happens (ex. every 5th time a dog sits, he gets a treat) |
| variable ratio | random # of times a response occurs before reinforcer happens (ex. gambling) - most likely to encourage a response and survive extinction! |
| fixed interval | every x amount of time before reinforcer happens (ex. paycheck) |
| variable interval | random amount of time passes before reinforcer happens (ex. fishing) |
| shaping | used if desired behavior never occurs |
| successive approximations | reinforce behaviors progressively more like desired behavior |
| social learning | we learn by imitating or modeling others |
| Bobo doll study | adult models aggressive or non aggressive behavior, child is more likely to act aggressively towards doll if that was modelled dependent variables: physical/verbal aggression |
| vicarious reinforcement/punishment | more likely to imitate model whose behavior is reinforced than model whose behavior is punished |
| sensory memory | visual mem fades in 0.5 seconds, auditory in 2 briefly holds exact copy of information |
| short-term memory | capacity: 5-9 pieces of info brief period of time maintenance rehearsal: addresses time limitation and capacity chunking: pack more into each unit of info |
| long-term memory | no capacity, "permanent" elaborative rehearsal: associating new info with material already stored in LTM |
| serial position effect | we remember lists in the following order of strength from weakest to strongest: middle, beginning, end |
| recency effect | we remember the end of the list the best because items are still in STM |
| primacy effect | we remember the beginning of the list better because there is more opportunity for rehearsal |
| working memory view | new info enters working memory from sensory memory retrieves info from LTM to help process/when needed in STM transfers info from STM to LTM for storage |
| procedural LTM | motor movements and skills (implicit) |
| semantic LTM | general knowledge (explicit) |
| episodic LTM | specific memories (explicit) |
| decay theory | passage of time causes memory to fade |
| interference theory | similar memories interfere with storage or retrieval of information |
| proactive interference | prior learning |
| retroactive interference | recent learning |
| cue-dependent theory | cues present when info was learned are not present when info is retrieved |
| repression theory | info pushed into unconscious because it is threatening |
| false memory | memory of something that never happened |
| germinal stage | conception-2 weeks |
| zygote | egg's outer coating outer: placenta, umbilical cord inner: embryo |
| fertilization | sperm penetrates zygote |
| embryonic stage | 2 weeks-8 weeks 4th-8th week: testosterone secreted 8th week: embryo becomes a fetus |
| fetal stage | 8th week-birth 24 weeks: point of viability (50% chance survival rate outside womb) underweight baby: <5.5 lbs |
| teratogens | agents harmful to the fetus embryonic stage is most vulnerable |
| motor reflexes | automatic behaviors |
| grasping | instinct to make a fist when palm is touched |
| sucking | instinct to suck when something is in mouth |
| rooting | instinct to lean into cheek touch with mouth open |
| infant vision | nearsighted at birth, 20/20 by 6 mos depth perception/visual cliff study |
| infant hearing | recognizes mother's voice prefers rhythmic sounds/voices |
| infant taste | prefers sweets can distinguish between different tastes |
| infant touch | respond to pain stimulates development (weight gain, awakeness/awareness, less hospital time) |
| cooing | vowels ~6wks |
| babbling | vowels + consonants ~3-6 mos |
| reduplicated babbling | repetition of babbling ~7mos |
| morpheme | smallest units with meaning ~2.5yrs |
| overregularization | incorrectly applying the rules of a language (ex. mouses) |
| sensorimotor stage | Piaget 1, birth-2yrs distinguish self from environment object permanence ~6-9mos |
| preoperational stage | Piaget 2, 2-6yrs symbolic representation (allows language) lack reasoning ability (egocentric, no conservation of mass) |
| concrete operational stage | Piaget 3, 7-11yrs understand conservation mental operations and reversibility categorization stability of identity |
| formal operational stage | Piaget 4. 12+yrs abstract reasoning becomes possible |
| preconventional level | Kohlberg 1, motivated by external pressures avoidance of punishment (5-8yrs) and attainment of rewards (8-12yrs) |
| conventional level | Kohlberg 2, desire to conform to the norms and maintain social order (12-16yrs) avoidance of disapproval maintain law and order |
| postconventional level | Kohlberg 3, rules are social contract, upheld out of shared duty ~5% of adults achieve this level concern with individual rights, personal principles, social responsibility |
| attachment | important for health and survival |
| secure base | allows environmental exploration and safe return |
| infant attachment | separation anxiety and stranger anxiety |
| secure attachment | normal distress when left; happy response upon return |
| avoidant attachment | calm when left; avoidance/rejection upon return |
| resistant attachment | resist contact yet upset when left; mixed feelings (anger, relief, rejection) upon return |
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