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Week 2
Attention and Consciousness
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| attention | we actively process a limited amount of information from the enormous amount of information available through our senses, stored memories, and other cognitive processes |
| signal detection theory | framework to explain how people pick out a stimuli when they are embedded in a wealth of irrelevant, distracting stimuli |
| vigilance | refers to a person's ability to attend to a field of stimulation over a prolonged period, during which the person seeks to detect the appearance of a particular target stimulus of interest |
| search | refers to a scan of environment for particular features |
| distracter | nontarget stimuli that divert our attention away from the target stimulus |
| display size | the number of items in a given visual array |
| feature search | simply scanning the environment for that feature |
| conjunction search | looking for a combination of features |
| feature-integration theory | the idea that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus, but is required to bind those individual features together |
| similarity theory | the more similar target and distracters are, the more difficult it is to find the target |
| guided search theory | all searches require two stages |
| parallel stage | the individual simultaneously activates a mental representation of all the potential targets |
| serial stage | individual sequentially evaluates each of the activated elements, according to the degree of activation |
| selective attention | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stim ulus |
| cocktail party effect | ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd |
| shadowing | listening to two different messages (ignored input and attended input) that is presented through dichotic presentation |
| sensory characteristics of target's speech, sound intensity, location of the sound | these affect shadowing |
| Broadbent's Filter Model | filters message before incoming information is ana lyzed for meaning |
| Selective Filter Model | messages that are of high importance to a person may break through the filter of selective attention |
| Attenuation Model | when information goes in to the ears, the attentuator "turns up" or "turns down" relevant/nonrelevant information. |
| Late Filter Model | stimuli are filtered out only after they have been analyzed for both their physical properties and their meaning |
| divided attention | concentrating on more than one activity at the same time |
| Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) | also known as attentional blink, it is the slowing of response as a result from simultaneous engagement in speeded tasks |
| One Source of Attention Divided Freely | a person can allocate their attention to different tasks or stimuli without any constraints |
| Multiple Sources of Attention | focuses on tasks simultaneously |
| task difficulty, anxiety, skills, arousal | factors that influence our ability of pay attention |
| alerting | being prepared to attend to a stimuli |
| orienting | selection of stimuli to attend to |
| executive attention | process of monitoring and resolving skills that arise among internal processes |
| PASS | Planning, Attention, Simultaneous-Successive Plan Model of Human |
| Cognition | |
| arousal and attention; simultaneous and successive processing; planning- | three distinct bases for distinct actions |
| inspection time | amount of time it takes to inspect items and make a decision about them |
| reaction time | speed of neuronal conduction; amount of time its take you to answer from among several possibilities |
| change blindness | inability to detect changes in objects or scenes that are being viewed |
| inattentional blindness | not see things that are actually present |
| spatial neglect | attentional dysfunction in which participants ignore the half of their visual field that is contralateral to the hemisphere of the brain that has a lesion |
| habituation | being accustomed to a stimulus so that we gradually pay less and less attention to it |
| dishabituation | change in familiar stimulus prompts us to start noticing the stimulus again |
| automatic processes | states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities |
| controlled processes | accessible to conscious control and even require it |
| automatization | happens when controlled processes becomes automatic |
| Instance Theory | gradually accumulate knowledge about specific responses to specific stimuli |
| Stroop Effect | reveals how our brains automatically process words and colors, and how sometimes this can cause confusion |
| consciousness | includes both feeling and content of awareness |
| preconscious information | stored memories that we are not using at the moment, but can be used when needed. |
| (1) monitor our interactions with the environment; (2) assist in linking our past memories and present sensations to continue the experience; (3) helps in controlling and planning future actions | three purposes of consciousness |
| priming | the first stimulus affects response to the second stimulus |
| tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | inability to retrieve a word from the memory |
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