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learning quiz

psych unit 3

QuestionAnswer
Operant Conditioning the theory that humans and animals learn through consequences applied after a particular behavior. the goals of these consequences are to either increase or decrease a particular behavior by adding something or removing something
Positive reinforcement something is added (+) to increase (reinforce) a behavior
Negative reinforcement something is taken away (-) to increase (reinforce) a behavior
Positive punishment something is added (+) to decrease (punish) a behavior
Negative punishment something is taken away (-) to decrease (punish) a behavior
Primary reinforces used to reinforce behaviors that are tied to our survival (food, drink, sleep, etc.)
Secondary reinforces used to reinforce behaviors that are not tied to our survival, but hold a learned value (money, social rewards, etc)
Shaping we reinforce behaviors as it gets closer and closer to the desired behavior. we may also punish the behavior if it gets farther from the desired behavior.
Chaining each step to a behavior is taught and reinforced before putting all the steps together
Generalization the person or animal expects a reward or punishment whenever they perform a behavior similar to the behaviors that have been reinforced or punished.
Learned helplessness when a person or animal believes they will receive a punishment no matter what they do, so they give up.
Discrimination when the person or animal can recognize the difference between behaviors that have been reinforced or punished and similar behaviors.
Social learning emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of other.
Models individuals that are observed are called models. they influence behavior by providing examples of behavior to observe and imitate
Cognitive learning individuals not only respond to stimuli but also act on beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, feelings and strive towards goals
Latent learning knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it.
Cognitive mapping a mental representation of an environment. maps can be formed though observation as well as through trial and error
trial and error learning a problem solving method in which multiple attempts are made to reach a solution. it involves trying a method, observing if it works, and if it doesn't trying a new method, the process is repeated until success or solution come up
classical conditioning learning in which a response naturally caused by one stimulus comes to be associated with a different, formerly neutral stimulus.
Unconditioned stimulus stimulus that naturally elicits a response
unconditioned response the response caused by a natural stimuli
neutral stimulus stimulus that causes no reaction prior to conditioning and is paired with the unconditioned stimulus to create a trained response.
conditioned stimulus a formerly neutral stimulus that is paired with a unconditional stimulus and eventually causes the desired response all by itself.
conditioned response the learned response to the conditioned stimulus
taste aversion negative response towards a particular food. often occurs when organisms become ill following consumption of a particular food.
phobias one negative experience with an item can create an associated fear
stimulus generalization response spreads to a similar stimulus
extinction after a period of time passes when a conditioned stimulus is not paired with an unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus returns to being neutral
spontaneous recovery after extinction, conditioned response can randomly reoccur
Created by: anael
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