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1 Ch - Phy Sc M 12A

Earth Science - Our Earth (Apologia Physical Science M 12A)

QuestionAnswer
the study of planet Earth, including its physical structure, its composition, its history, and the processes that act on it geology
the three compositional layers of the Earth the crust, mantle, and core
the five mechanical layers of the Earth the lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, and inner core
the first scientist to really make use of the information gathered by siesmographs; from Croatia Andija Mohorovicic
the border that marks the boundary between the Earth's crust and the beginning of the Earth's mantle the Mohorovicic discontinuity (or Moho for short)
In geology, the term _________________ indicates a surface where seismic waves change velocity. discontinuity
the layer of the Earth that includes the brittle, upper portion of the mantle and the crust; composed of relatively cool, solid, rigid rock lithosphere
layer below the lithosphere, containing a small portion of the mantle; rock in this layer behaves like warm taffy candy - it is softer, weaker, and not completely solid asthenosphere
rock that behaves like something between a liquid and a solid plastic rock
Most theories that describe Earth's mantel have the plastic rock moving about in _______ _____________ in the asthenosphere. huge currents
layer below the asthenosphere, where rocks are stiffer but can still flow, but flow much more slowly; includes stiff plastic rock mesosphere
analyzed seismic waves & concluded that another drastic change in the makeup of the Earth occurs significantly below the Moho Beno Gutenberg, German geologist, 1914
The _____________ discontinuity signals the beginning of the Earth's core, which scientists believe is composed mostly of liquid iron. Gutenberg
work with seismic waves led her to the realization that the core actually has a solid inner region beneath the liquid outer region Inge Lehmann, Danish scientist, 1936
The boundary between the inner core and the outer core is called the ______________ discontinuity. Lehmann
small, solid fragments of rock-like gravel, sand, silt, mud, or clay sediment
solid, naturally-occurring, inorganic substances that have a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure minerals
Minerologists identify minerals based on their crystal structure, color, streak, luster, density, harness, fracture, and cleavage.
The atoms in each type of mineral are arranged in a specific geometric shape or crystal structure. While the size of a mineral's crystals can vary, the structure will always be the same.
The color of the powder left on a streak plate is known as the mineral's streak.
____________________ describes how the surface of a mineral reflects light; how shiny the mineral appears. Scientists divide minerals first into metallic or non-metallic lusters. Luster
a mineral's ability to resist being scratched hardness
how minerals break apart; different minerals break apart in different manners due to their specific repeating pattern of atoms fracture
the tendency of a mineral to break along a regular, well -defined plane (flat surface) where the bonds are weakest cleavage
two processes of the lithosphere the water cycle and the rock cycle
a series of processes in which forces within Earth and at the surface cause rocks to continuously change from one type to another rock cycle
the sum of all the water on a planet hydrosphere
Most of the Earth's water supply (97%) is contained in the oceans as SALTwater.
Most of the Earths FRESHwater supply is stored in icebergs and glaciers.
The largest source of LIQUID freshwater is groundwater.
the process by which water is continuously exchanged between Earth's various water sources the hydrologic cycle
evaporation of water from plants transpiration
Scientists mainly observe ________________ __________ to learn about the makeup of the Earth's interior. seismic waves
The inner core is solid, even though the outer core is liquid, due to the incredibly great amount of pressure, a phenomenon known as pressure freezing.
the area of the Earth's atmosphere that is influenced by Earth's magnetic field magnetosphere
Most scientists agree that a large amount of electrical current flowing in the core generates Earth's ________________ ______________. magnetic field
Life on Earth would not be possible without Earth's magnetic field because the magnetic field deflects the vast majority of the cosmic rays that arrive at the top of Earth's atmosphere, keeping them from hitting the Earth..
Earth has a magnetic field with just the right strength to support life.
Created by: MrsHough
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