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the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures—for example, the shape and size of bones
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The word ____________ means to dissect or cut apart and separate the parts of the body for study. In addition, it examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.
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Lec1
ANAPHY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures—for example, the shape and size of bones | anatomy |
| The word ____________ means to dissect or cut apart and separate the parts of the body for study. In addition, it examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function. | anatomy |
| _________________________ studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood. | Developmental anatomy |
| ______________ , a subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development. | Embryology |
| _______________ examines the structural features of cells | Cytology |
| _______________ examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them | Histology |
| the study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached either systemically or regionally. | Gross anatomy |
| a group of structures that have one or more common functions, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, skeletal, or muscular systems | system |
| the body is studied system by system | systemic anatomy |
| body is studied area by area | regional anatomy |
| _________________________ involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body. For example, the sternum (breastbone) and parts of the ribs can be seen and palpated (felt) on the front of the chest. | Surface anatomy |
| _________________________ uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures | Anatomical imaging |
| ___________________ are physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern. IT can vary in severity from relatively harmless to life-threatening | Anatomical anomalies |
| the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things | physiology |
| ___________________ examines the processes occurring in cells such as energy production from food | cell physiology |
| ___________________ considers the functions of organ systems | systemic physiology |
| __________ often examines systems rather than regions because a particular function can involve portions of a system in more than one region | Physiology |
| the medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease | pathology |
| Levels of Organization in the Body | chemical > cell > tissue > organ > organ system > organism |
| The ___________ level of organization involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules. This is important because a molecule’s structure determines its function. | chemical |
| the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms | cells |
| Cells contain smaller structures inside called ____________. | organelles |
| A _________ is composed of a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them | tissue |
| The body is made up of four basic tissue types | epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous |
| An________ is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions | organ |
| An ___________________ is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit. | organ system |
| r 11 major organ systems | (1) integumentary, (2) skeletal, (3) muscular, (4) nervous, (5) endocrine, (6) cardiovascular, (7) lymphatic, (8) respiratory, (9) digestive, (10) urinary, and (11) reproductive |
| An ___________ is any living thing considered as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human. | organism |
| 6 characteristics of life | organization, reproduction. metabolism, responsiveness, growth and development |
| refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions | Organization |
| the ability to use energy and to perform vital functions | metabolism |
| refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism | metabolism |
| an organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes | Responsiveness |
| Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. | Integumentary system |
| Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints | Skeletal system |
| Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons. | Muscular system |
| List all major bones from all over the body. | skull, spine, clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals, calcaneus, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, ribs, sternum, etc |
| A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. | Nervous system |
| A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones. | Endocrine system |
| Give the major endocrine glands. | hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenals, ovaries, pineal gland, parathyroids, pancreas & testes |
| Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. | Cardiovascular system |
| ___________ refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism | Growth |
| Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs. | Lymphatic system |
| Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages | Respiratory system |
| Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. | Digestive system |
| Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine. | Urinary system |
| Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures. | Female reproductive system |
| Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis. | Male reproductive system |
| _________________ includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death | Development |
| __________________ involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state. | Differentiation |
| the change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism | Morphogenesis |
| the formation of new cells or new organisms. It allows for growth and development. All living organisms pass on their genes to their offspring. | Reproduction |
| the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body | Homeostasis |
| A type of feedback mechanism when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted; therefore, in this mechanism, the response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the set point, becoming smaller. | Negative-feedback mechanism |
| This type of feedback mechanism occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater. In other words, positive means “increase.” At times, this type of response is required to return to homeostasis. | Positive-feedback mechanism |
| It refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward | Anatomical position |
| All living and nonliving things are composed of ________, which is anything that occupies space and has mass | matter |
| About 96% of the body’s weight results from the elements _________, __________, __________ & _________. | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen |
| The positive charge of a proton is ________ in magnitude to the negative charge of an electron. | equal [ The positive charge of a proton is equal in magnitude to the negative charge of an electron. The number of protons and the number of electrons in each atom are equal, and the individual charges cancel each other. Therefore, each atom is electrically neutral. ] |
| _____________ are two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons. | Isotopes |
| __________________ is the ability of an atom’s nucleus to attract electrons. | Electronegativity |
| When this occurs, the numbers of protons and electrons are no longer equal, and a charged particle, called an ____. | ion |
| _____________________ is a measure of how much an atom attracts electrons from another atom to form a chemical bond. | Electronegativity |
| _____________ bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms that have the same electronegativity (nonpolar covalent bond, e.g., H2) or a relatively small difference in electronegativities (polar covalent bond, e.g., H2O). | Covalent |
| __________ bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons between two atoms that have very different electronegativities (e.g., NaCl). | Ionic |
| Positively charged ions | cations |
| negatively charged ions | anions |
| forms when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions. | ionic bonds |
| forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons; the resulting combination of atoms is called a molecule | covalent bonds |
| The sharing of one pair of electrons by two atoms results in a __________ covalent bond. | single |
| A _________ covalent bond results when two atoms share 4 electrons, 2 from each atom | double |
| When electrons are shared equally between atoms, as in a hydrogen molecule, the bonds are called __________________________. | nonpolar covalent bonds |
| A ______________ is composed of two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit. | molecule |
| A ________________ is a substance resulting from the chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms. | compound |
| These are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted themselves. | catalysts |
| It is the simplest type of matter, having unique chemical properties. Ordinary substances that cannot be broken by ordinary chemical means. | elements |
| What is the charge of the nucleus of an atom? | positively charged |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Isotopes have different atomic number but same mass numbers. | FALSE. Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. |
| energy levels is also called __________ | electron shells |
| The outermost shell is called the ________________. | valence shell |
| Most atoms follow the ___________, the tendency of atoms to combine with other atoms until each has 8 electrons (2 electrons for hydrogen) in its valence shell. | octet rule |
| Atoms achieve an octet in two major ways | covalent and ionic bonding |
| It is considered as the weakest bonding of atoms. | hydrogen bonds |
| equal electron sharing | nonpolar covalent |
| unequal electron sharing | polar covalent |
| When the element loses an electron, it becomes __________. | positively charged or cation |
| When the element gains an electron, it becomes _____________. | negatively charged or anion |
| A complete transfer of electrons between two atoms results in separate positively charged and negatively charged ions. | ionic bond |
| An unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms results in a slightly positive charge (δ+) on one side of the molecule and a slightly negative charge (δ−) on the other side of the molecule. | polar covalent bond |
| An equal sharing of electrons between two atoms results in an even charge distribution among the atoms of the molecule. | nonpolar covalent bond |
| The attraction of oppositely charged ends of one polar molecule to another polar molecule holds molecules or parts of molecules together. | hydrogen bond |
| ______________________ are the weak electrostatic attractions that exist between oppositely charged parts of molecules, or between ions and molecules. | Intermolecular forces |
| The ability of one substance to dissolve in another—for example, sugar dissolving in water. | solubility |
| Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called __________________ because they have the capacity to conduct an electric current, which is the flow of charged particles. | electrolytes |
| What are the properties of water? | stabilizes body temperature, protection (acts as a lubricant or cushion), chemical reactions, transport |
| (PROPERTIES OF WATER) The high heat capacity of water allows it absorb and release large amounts of heat before changing temperature. | stabilizes body temperature |
| (PROPERTIES OF WATER) acts as a lubricant or cushion like synovial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid | protection |
| (PROPERTIES OF WATER) most of the chemical reactions necessary for life do not take place unless the reacting molecules are dissolved in water | chemical reactions |
| (PROPERTIES OF WATER) polar solvent properties: dissolves ionic substances, froms hydration layers around large charged molecules, and serves as the body's major transport medium | transport |
| What are the lesser elements that make up 3.9% of the body? | phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, iodine, potassium, sodium, iron, calcium, chlorine |
| What is the use of trace elements make up <0.01% of the body? | required in minute amounts, found as part of enzymes |
| pH of hydrochoric acid | 0 |
| pH of stomach acid | 1 |
| pH of lemon juice | 2 |
| pH of vinegar, cola, beer | 3 |
| pH of tomatoes | 4 |
| pH of black coffee | 5 |
| pH of urine & saliva | 6 |
| pH of distilled water | 7 |
| pH of blood | 7.4 |
| pH of seawater | 8 |
| pH of baking soda | 9 |
| pH of Green salt lake | 10 |
| pH of household ammonia | 11 |
| Ph of soda ash | 12 |
| pH of oven cleaner | 13 |
| pH of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) | 14 |
| What elements does carbohydrates contain? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen to form carbohydrates? | 1:2:1 (C:H:O) |
| Ionic substances that dissolve in water by dissociation | electrolytes |
| Organic molecules that supply a source of cellular food | carbohydrates |
| Examples of carbohydrates | monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
| Examples of monosaccharides | glucose and fructose |
| Examples of disaccharides | sucrose ad lactose |
| Examples of polysaccharides | starch and glycogen |
| These are found subcutaneous tissue and around organs. | fats |
| Examples of lipids | fats, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids, fat-soluble vitamins, lipoproteins |
| This example of lipid is the chief component of cell membranes. | phopholipids |
| This example of lipids is cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones, and adrenal cortical hormones.. | steroids |
| This example of lipids is prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxane. | eicosanoids |
| This example of lipids is vitamins A, D, E, and K. | fat-souluble vitamins |
| This example of lipids is to transport fatty acids and cholesterol in the bloodstream. | lipoproteins |
| Organic molecule dissolves in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol or acetone, but do not in polar solvents such as water. | lipids |
| What elements does lipid contain? | contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but the proportion of oxygen in lipids is less than carbohydrates |
| The basic building blocks of other carbohydrates | monosaccharides |
| This lipid provides energy. | fats or triglycerides |
| This lipid serves as structural components of cell membranes. | phospholipids |
| This lipid regulate physiological processes. | eicosanoids and steroids |
| These are formed by the reaction of acids and bases. | salts |
| These are chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added. | buffers (ex. carbonic acid-bicarbonate system) |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Acids are proton acceptors. | FALSE. Acids are proton donors. |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Acids release H⁺ | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Bases are proton acceptors. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Bases release OH⁻ | TRUE |
| It is a measure of acid-base concentration. | pH scale (power of hydrogen) |
| Chemical bonds are a form of what energy? | potential energy |
| atoms that have gained or lost electrons | ions |
| an atom that becomes negatively charged after accepting 1 or more electrons | anion |
| an atom that becomes positively charged after losing an electron | cation |
| An _______ bond results from the attraction of the oppositely charged cation and anion to each other | ionic |
| Mostly concerned with non-carbon-containing substances but does include some carbon-containing substances, such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide that lack carbon-hydrogen bonds. | Inorganic chemistry |
| Substances contain carbon and hydrogen atoms bound together by covalent bonds, are often large; usually have carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonding. | Organic chemistry |
| A bond that has a small positive charge that is weakly attracted to the small negative charge of other atoms. | hydrogen bond |
| Example of inorganic compounds | O2, CO2, & H2O |
| It is involved with the extraction of energy from food molecules to make ATP. | O2 |
| It is a by-product of the breakdown of food molecules. | CO2 |
| It has many important properties for living organisms and is essential for life. | H2O |
| It is a double-stranded helical molecule found in the nucleus of the cell. | Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
| It makes up the genetic material of the cell and replicates itself before the cell divides, ensuring genetic continuity. It also provides instructions for protein synthesis. | DNA |
| It contains the monosaccharide deoxyribose and organic bases. | DNA |
| What four organic bases form the DNA? | adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine |
| A single-stranded molecule found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell. | Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) |
| It is composed of the monosaccharide ribose and uses the organic base uracil instead of thymine. | RNA |
| What are the 3 varieties of RNA? | messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Energy can be "lost" as heat, can be used to synthesize molecules or can do work. | TRUE |
| pH scale ranges from ? | 0 to 14 |
| This indicates the H⁺ concentration of a solution. | pH scale |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Neutral solutions have an equal number of H⁺ and OH- and a pH of 7.0 | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Acidic solutions have more H⁺ than OH- and a pH of less than 7.0 | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Basic (alkaline) solutions have fewer H⁺ than OH- and a pH greater than 7.0 | TRUE |
| It is stored (inactive) energy that could do work. | potential energy |
| It is an energy that does work by causing the movement of an object. | kinetic energy |
| It is the capacity to do work. | Energy |
| What do enzymes do? | Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy |
| ____________ is an especially important source of energy. | Glucose |
| _________________ molecules are formed by dehydration reactions between two monosaccharides. | Disaccharide |
| It usually ends in -ase. | Enzymes |
| Examples of disaccharides | sucrose, lactose, and maltose |
| a polar molecule composed of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen | water |
| a molecule consisting of a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH− | salts |
| a solution of a conjugate acid-base pair that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution | buffer |
| ________ is stored in fats. | Energy |
| A ___________________ is composed of many monosaccharides bound together to form a long chain. | polysaccharide |
| ________________ are composed of glycerol and fatty acids. One, two, or three fatty acids can attach to the glycerol molecule. | Triglycerides |
| _________________ are straight chains of carbon molecules with a carboxyl group. It can be saturated (having only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms) or unsaturated (having one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms). | Fatty acids |
| _________________ are lipids in which a fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate containing molecule. These are a major structural component of plasma membranes. | Phospholipids |
| ____________ are lipids composed of four interconnected ring molecules. Examples are cholesterol, bile salts, and sex hormones. | Steroids |
| building blocks of protein which are joined by peptide bonds | amino acids |
| _________________ are organic catalysts that increase the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed without it being permanently changed. | Enzymes |
| _____________ are ions or organic molecules, such as vitamins, that are required for some enzymes to function | Cofactors |
| The basic unit of nucleic acids is the _______________, which is a monosaccharide with an attached phosphate and a nitrogenous base. | nucleotide |
| ______ ________________ contain the monosaccharide deoxyribose and the nitrogenous base adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine. | DNA nucleotides |
| a sequence of DNA nucleotides that determines the structure of a protein or RNA | gene |
| It stores energy derived from catabolism. The energy released from these is used in anabolism and other cell; often called the energy currency of cells because it is capable of both storing and providing energy. processes. | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| (CELL PARTS) Functions as the outer boundary of the cell; controls the entry and exit of substances; receptor proteins function in intercellular communication; marker molecules enable cells to recognize one another; a structure that encloses the cytoplasm | Plasma Membrane |
| (CELL PARTS) Is the control center of the cell; DNA within the nucleus regulates protein synthesis and therefore the chemical reactions of the cell | Nucleus |
| (CELL PARTS) Serves as site of protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| (CELL PARTS) Synthesizes proteins, which are usually transported to Golgi apparatus | Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| (CELL PARTS) Manufactures lipids and carbohydrates; detoxifies harmful chemicals; stores calcium | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| (CELL PARTS) consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs; it collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the ER. | Golgi apparatus |
| (CELL PARTS) Contains digestive enzymes; membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi apparatus; they contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems. | Lysosomes |
| (CELL PARTS) Ssmall, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); breaks down hydrogen peroxid | Peroxisome |
| (CELL PARTS) Break down proteins in the cytoplasm | Proteasomes |
| (CELL PARTS) Are major sites of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available | Mitochondria |
| (CELL PARTS) Serve as centers for microtubule formation; determine cell polarity during cell division; form the basal bodies of cilia and flagella | Centrioles |
| (CELL PARTS) Move materials over the surface of cells | Cilia |
| (CELL PARTS) In humans, propels spermatozoa | Flagellum |
| (CELL PARTS) Increase surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption and secretion; modified to form sensory receptors | Microvilli |
| The characteristic functions of the cell | Cell metabolism and energy use, Synthesis of molecules, Communication, & Reproduction and inheritance |
| A plane that divides the body into equal right and left sides. | Midsagittal |
| A plane that divides the body into unequal right and left sides. | Parasagittal |
| More or less identical building blocks of elements | Atoms |
| One or two chemical shorthand for each element | Atomic symbol |
| Properties of an element that can be detected by our senses | Physical properties |
| Properties of an element that pertains to the way atoms interact with one another | Chemical properties |
| •Too weak to bind atoms together • Common in dipoles such as water water • Responsible for surface tension in water • Important as intramolecular bonds, giving the molecule a three-dimensional shape | Hydrogen bond |
| Chemical equations contain what ? | Number and type of reacting substances Products produced Relative amounts of reactants and products |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Higher reacting particle concentration produce faster reactions. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Chemical reactions proceed slower at higher tenperatures. | FALSE. Chemical reactions proceed quicker at higher temperature. |
| TRUE OR FALSE. The bigger the particle, the faster the chemical reaction. | The smaller the particle, the faster the chemical reaction. |
| range of neutral pH scale | pH 7.00 |
| range of acidic pH scale | pH 0-6.99 |
| range of basic pH scale | 7.01-14.00 |
| • Most are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts • Are chemically specific • Frequently named for the type of reaction they catalyze • Names usually end in -ase • Chemical events of the body are regulated primarily by mechanisms that control - concentration of enzymes - activity of enzymes | Characteristics of Enzymes |
| Chemical elements present in proteins | CHONS |
| Chemical elements present in nucleic acids | CHONP |
| Functions of Lipids | • Long term energy storage • Insulates against heat loss • Protective cushion for organs • Cholesterol is part of the cell membrane structure |
| Functions of Proteins | • Used to make skin, hair, nails, muscles • Part of the hemoglobin molecule • Act as enzymes • Immune system functions • Muscle contractions (actin and myosin) • Part of the cell membrane |
| jelly-like substance that holds organelles | cytoplasm |
| Molecules that can simply diffuse in the cell membrane | oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide (CO2), alcohol, lipid hormones, and anesthetic drugs |
| Cells that do endocytosis | Neutrophils and bacteria |
| Examples of exocytosis | Hormones and neurotransmitters |
| Endocytosis is divided into... | Pinocytosis and phagocytosis |
| A passive transport from high concentration to low concentration | Simple diffusion |
| A passive transport where water molecules move across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. | Osmosis |
| ______________ are specialized channel proteins embedded in cell membranes that facilitate the rapid movement of water molecules across the membrane, enhancing the rate of osmosis. | Aquaporins |
| A _____________ solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water relative to the cytoplasm of the cell. The solution has less tone, or osmotic pressure, than the cell. Water moves by osmosis into the cell, causing it to swell. If the cell swells enough, it can rupture, a process called lysis. | hypotonic |
| A cell immersed in an ___________ solution has the same solute concentrations inside and outside the cell. The cell will neither shrink nor swell. | isotonic |
| The cytoplasm of a cell in a _____________ solution has a lower solute concentration and higher water concentration than the surrounding solution. Water moves by osmosis from the cell into the hypertonic solution, resulting in cell shrinkage, or crenation. | hypertonic |
| a carrier-mediated transport process that moves substances across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of that substance. | Facilitated diffusion |
| a carrier-mediated process, requiring ATP, that moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration against a concentration gradient. | Active transport |
| a by-product of fatty acid and amino acid breakdown and can be toxic to a cell. | Hydrogen peroxide |
| The enzymes in peroxisomes break down ______________. | hydrogen |
| The outer membranes have a smooth contour, but the inner membranes have numerous folds, called _________, which project into the interior of the mitochondria. | cristae |
| _________ are cylindrical structures that extend from the cell and are composed of microtubules. | Cilia |
| ______________ are specialized extensions of the cell membrane that are supported by microfilaments and they are abundant on the surface of cells that line the intestine, kidney, and other areas in which absorption is an important function. | Microvilli |
| _______ ________________, which is protein synthesis, involves transcription and translation. | Gene expression |
| ________________ involves copying DNA into messenger RNA; _________________ involves messenger RNA being used to produce a protein. | Transcription; Translation |
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