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POI midterm review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| EBP process | 1. ask 2.acquire and inquire 3. appraise- clinical applicable & methodological quality 4. apply- use clinical reasoning & patient values 5. analyze and adjust |
| ascertainment bias | clinician draws a conclusion based on previously held expectations of a particular outcome |
| Ordinal | categories have a rank order relative to one another |
| Inter-rater | repeated measures are performed by more than 1 person |
| Measurement error | not attributed to true changes in the construct to be measured continous: SEM categorical: percentage total agreement |
| convergent validity | same concepts or constructs |
| predicitive | degree to which the results from the test of interest can predict a future outcome |
| recency effect | clinician believes that a particular patient presentation or response is a common phenomenon because it is easily remembered |
| SEM (standard error of measurement) | margin of error for a test |
| MCID (Minimal Clinically Important Difference) | changes larger than this reflect a meaningful change for a patient |
| normal distribution | 1. bell-shaped curve 2. unimodel (single peak) 3. symmetric about its mean |
| evidence-based practice | a method of clinical decision making & practice that integrates the best available clinical evidence with individual clinical expertise & patient values |
| qualifies as evidence: | any empirical observation or experimentation, where systematically collected or not |
| predatory journals | accept article for publication-along with author's fees- WITHOUT peer reviewing or promised quality checks (plagiarism) |
| confirmation bias | clinician focuses on information that confirms a hypothesis |
| target population | total aggregate of individuals to whom researchers wish to apply their study's findings |
| accessible population | individuals who are potential participants in the study |
| subjects | a smaller number of individuals from the accessible population |
| sample | a collection of subjects for a study |
| inclusion criteria | characteristics that individuals from the population of interest must possess to be eligible for the study |
| exclusion criteria | characteristics that will make individuals ineligible for consideration as subjects |
| sampling frame | a listing of potential subjects in the accessible population (preexisting records) |
| sampling error | samples from the same population that differ from one another or from the population itself |
| simple random sample | each potential subject has an equal chance of being selected from the sample (random number generator) |
| systematic sampling approach | potential subjects are organized according to an identifier; only the first subject is selected randomly from this group |
| stratified random sampling | more complex method when investigators have an interest in capturing subgroups within the population; age, gender, race, disease severity |
| cluster sampling | used when naturally occurring pockets of the population of interest are geographically dispersed |
| convenience sampling | individuals are "convenient" easy to locate and contact them; subjects are chosen consecutively as they become available |
| snowball sampling | recruitment via word of mouth from the original participants; common in patients with neurologic diseases, small sampling size |
| purposive sampling | uses handpicked subjects that meet the researchers needs; qualitative studies |
| variables | characteristics of individuals, objects, or environmental conditions |
| independent variable | manipulated by investigators to produce a change in an outcome (intervention) |
| dependent variable | the outcome of interest |
| discrete (categorical) | distinct values/characteristics |
| dichotomous (categorical) | when only 2 values are possible |
| continuous | infinitely finer degrees of measurement depending upon the instrument used (scale) |
| nominal | values are named categories without rank or order |
| interval | no fixed zero point (negative values are possible) |
| ratio | fixed zero point (negative values are not possible) |
| reliability | produce stable results over repeated measures |
| validity | capture the phenomenon they are designed to measure |
| responsiveness | detect change in the phenomenon of interest; calculated by MDC= exceeds SEM minimum level of change that represents true improvement for an individual |
| test-retest | an instrument is used on 2 separate occasions (interval between 24-28 hours) Continuous: ICC Catergorical: Kappa or generalizability coefficient |
| intra-rater | repeated measures performed by 1 person |
| internal consistency | self-reported instruments, degree of interrelatedness among items with subscales Calculated: cronbach's alpha coefficient |
| content validity | measurement represents all of the relevant facets of the variable it is intended to measure |
| construct validity | instruments scores are related to scores on another instrument that is said to measure the same (or different) concepts or constructs |
| discriminant validity | different concepts or constructs |
| criterion validity | instruments scores are related to scores obtained with a reference gold standard |
| concurrent | administration of the test of interest and reference standard test @nearly the same time |
| floor effects | happen when a test/measure can't measure any lower than a certain point, even if there is further room for change |
| ceiling effects | happen when a test/measure can't measure any higher than a certain point, even if there's more to measure |
| MCD (minimum detectable change) | changes larger than this reflect a true change in performance |
| statistics | science of collecting, analyzing, and presenting data |
| desciptive | summarize or describe important characteristics of the sample (determine if the data is ready for statistical testing) |
| readiness for statistical testing: | 1. distribution of scores- mean, median, mode 2. measures of variability- range, SD, interpercentile range 3. visible display of scores- histogram |
| hypothesis | investigators expectations about the outcome of the study |
| Null hypothesis | results demonstrate no statistical difference or relationship; any differences due to chance |
| alternative hypothesis | statistical tests demonstrate a significant difference or relationship |
| inferential statistics | statistical tools that allow researchers to make inferences about a phenomenon |
| parametric statistics | interval/ratio, or ordinal; use mean and SD; data are normally distributed |
| nonparametric statistics | normal, ordinal; rank or frequency information, do not rely as heavily on normal distributions |
| tests of relationships | determine whether 2 or more variables/groups are associated with one another |
| tests of differences | to compare 2 or more groups of subjects or repeated scores from the same subjects |
| statistical significance | p value & confidence interval |
| p value | probability that a study's findings occurred due to change (<0.05) |
| type 1 error (false positive) | outcome measured to be incorrect |
| confidence interval | range of scores within which the true score for a variable is estimated to lie within a specified probability (90%, 95%, 99%) |
| type II error (false negative) | true difference |
| clinical importance (meaningful) | size of effect (experimental) & size of correlation (observational) |
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