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Marine Biology 11
Exam 11 (Marine Mammals, Fish, Reptiles, Seabirds)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the characteristics of fish? | - some travel in groups called schools - use side to side motions with rhythmic contractions to swim - Olfactory sacs detect food, predators, mates, basically smell - advanced nervous system with brain and spinal cord - 2 chambered heart |
| What are the three traditional groups of fish? | Agnatha (jawless fish) / Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) / Osteichthyes (bony fish) |
| Describe the concept of overfishing. What are ways to mitigate it? | Overfishing means to many fish have been caught which decreases the adult population and prevents the fish from reproducing. |
| How are chromatophores used in fish? | Help the fish camouflauge. |
| What organisms are in the class reptilia? | They have crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles, and tortoises. |
| Is marine reptile fertilization internal or external? | Internal fertilization |
| What are two properties of sea snakes? | - tissue flaps over nostrils to prevent water from entering their lungs - flat bodies and paddle tail to help swim |
| What are salt glands and what do they do for marine reptiles? | Salt glands pushes out excess salt. It allows for more water conservation. |
| List 3 species of marine reptiles. *Explain key characteristics* | - turtle head sea snake (not aggressive, eat fish eggs) - marine lizard (only come on land to get warm, eat seaweed and algae) |
| How do reptiles protect against water loss? | Their dry scaly skin made out of keratin help prevent water loss. |
| Define Ectotherm. | An animal dependent on on external sources of body heat. |
| Main Characteristics of Reptilia class. | - amniotic egg (large yolk nourish baby and leathery case prevents drying out) - almost always in tropical climate -lungs - all have 3 chambered hearts (except crocodiles/alligators that have 4) |
| 3 Common Sea Birds | Penguins / Pelicans / Gulls / Auk / Albatrosses |
| How do Sea Birds stay afloat in water? | Seabirds have hollow bones (air sacs ) that help them weigh less. They also have random air cavities in their body that provide them buoyancy. Lastly, their feathers are coated with oil which makes them water repellent. |
| How do Albatrosses choose their mate? | First they socialize in groups. Eventually when they decide on someone the male will dance for the female. |
| What percent of birds do seabirds makeup? | 3.5% |
| Main characteristics of seabirds. | - lay eggs - feathers - kerantinized beaks - live in all biomes |
| What species are found in the class of mammalia? | - pinnipeds (pinnipedia) : seals, sea lions, walrus - carnivores (carnivora): sea otter, marine otter, polar bear - sirenians (sirenia): dugong and manatees - cetaceans (cetacea): whales, dolphins, porpoises |
| How do marine mammals keep warm in the water? | They have blubber which is a thick layer of fat that provides insulation. |
| What is the largest marine mammal? | Blue Whale |
| Describe Echolocation. | Animals will release a sound wave that eventually bounces off an object and returns an echo to the animal. The animal can then understand the objects size and location just from the echo. |
| How are cetaceans adapted for swimming? | - fore limbs are flippers - fin like tail (fluke) - nostrils are on top of head (blowhole) to easily come up to the surface to breathe |
| What species are found in pinnipeds? California Species? | - walrus, sea lions, seals - California Sea Lion, Walrus, Grey Seal |
| Pinniped Characteristics. | - predators (prey: fish, squid, shellfish - breed on land and return to sea after giving birth - fore and hind limbs adapted for swimming - blubber -35 species - prefer breeding near shallow water and abundant food |
| What species are found in Cetaceans. Specific Examples. | - whales, dolphins, porpoises - blue whale, spinner dolphin, orca, harbour porpoise |
| What are the two main groups of Cetaceans? Differences? | 1) toothed - teeth, 1 blowhole, larger 2) baleen - smaller, 2 blowholes, baleen filter feeding |
| Characteristics of the order Cetacea. | - fore limbs modified to flippers - fin like tail (fluke) - nostrils on top of head (blowhole) |
| What species are found in Sirenia? | Dungongs and Manatees |
| Characteristics of Sirenia. | - sometimes called sea cows - herbivores |
| What are the characteristics of fish? | - lamellae increases surface area to make gas exchange more efficient - gain oxygen from water and release carbon from gills |
| SeaBirds 3 feathers and function | 1) down feather = insulation + warmth 2) contour feather = flight feathers (help fly) 3) filoplumes = hairlike, connected to nervous system, sensory |
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