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How have urban growth patterns changed over the last two centuries?
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How has the proportion of the world’s population living in cities changed over the last fifty years?
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Exam 1 SOC 432
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How have urban growth patterns changed over the last two centuries? | Urban growth patterns have shifted from primarily concentric and radial patterns in the 19th century to more dispersed and decentralized patterns in recent decades. |
| How has the proportion of the world’s population living in cities changed over the last fifty years? | The proportion of the world's population living in cities has increased significantly over the last fifty years, with a growing trend toward urbanization. |
| Where on the globe is virtually all contemporary urban growth (the so-called Urban Explosion) taking place? | Virtually all contemporary urban growth, known as the Urban Explosion, is predominantly taking place in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. |
| Where did most urban growth occur a century ago? | A century ago, most urban growth occurred in Europe and North America |
| What criteria do different countries use to define urban areas? | Different countries use varied criteria such as population size, economic activities, and infrastructure to define urban areas. |
| What is the difference between urbanization and urbanism? | Urbanization refers to the overall process of population concentration in urban areas, while urbanism refers to the study of the characteristics and way of life in cities. |
| Ecological and political economy models or approaches both focus on what level analysis and questions? | Ecological and political economy models both focus on a macro-level analysis and address questions related to the broader societal and environmental impacts of urbanization. |
| Urbanism as a way of life focuses on what level of analysis and questions? | Urbanism as a way of life focuses on the micro-level analysis of individual behaviors, lifestyles, and interactions within urban environments. |
| Who were some of the major European social theorists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and how did their typologies explain urban change? | Major European social theorists of the late 19th and early 20th century, including Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim, developed typologies to explain urban change based on economic, social, and cultural factors. |
| What was the focus of the Chicago School scholars, and how did they change urban sociology? | The Chicago School scholars focused on the social ecology of cities and introduced concepts like the concentric zone model, significantly shaping the field of urban sociology with their emphasis on the study of urban structures and social processes. |
| What is the ecological complex and what are its four concepts or categories of variables? | The ecological complex refers to the interrelatedness of human societies and their environments, and its four categories of variables are population, technology, organization, and environment. |
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of the ecological complex? | The strengths of the ecological complex include its holistic approach to understanding human-environment interactions, while weaknesses include the challenge of accurately measuring and predicting the complex relationships among variables. |
| What role did agriculture play in the development of the first urban settlements? | Agriculture played a pivotal role in the development of the first urban settlements by providing a stable food supply, allowing for larger populations, and enabling specialization of labor. |
| How were the cities and social organization of Athens and Rome similar and how did they differ? | Athens and Rome were similar in having centralized political structures and cultural achievements, but they differed in their political systems, with Athens being a direct democracy and Rome having a republican government. |
| How was the medieval city spatially organized and how did its organization change during the Renaissance? | The medieval city was often organized around a castle or cathedral, with narrow winding streets, while the Renaissance saw a shift towards more planned and grid-like urban layouts |
| How did the fourteenth-century plague, the Black Death, change the social organization in Europe? | The Black Death in the fourteenth century led to a significant decline in population, disrupting social hierarchies and contributing to the rise of labor movements and changes in economic structures. |
| What are the crucial differences in the ideal type social structure of pre-industrial and industrial cities as listed by Gidion Sjoberg and Louis Wirth? | Gideon Sjoberg highlighted differences in size, social stratification, and administrative complexity, while Louis Wirth focused on the impact of industrialization, highlighting increased impersonality and social fragmentation in industrial cities. |
| What is the demographic transition and how did it affect city growth? | The shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, leading to population growth; it affected city growth by contributing to urbanization as industrialization and economic development reduced mortality rates. |
| What was the second urban revolution and what were its consequences? | The second urban revolution marked a shift from industrial to post-industrial economies, with consequences including increased globalization, the rise of technology, and changes in urban form and function. |
| What were the effects of the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution on life in cities? | The nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution brought about rapid urbanization, population growth, and social transformations, with the emergence of industrial cities characterized by pollution, overcrowding, and social inequalities. |
| What were the major English settlements in North America, and how did they differ? | Included Jamestown, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay Colony. They differed in their reasons for colonization, with Jamestown established for economic gain, Plymouth for religious freedom, and Massachusetts Bay for both religious and economic reasons. |
| How did early Canadian settlements differ from those in what would become the United States? | Early Canadian settlements were primarily focused on fur trading and missionary activities, while early American settlements had diverse motivations, including religious freedom, economic opportunities, and colonization for agricultural purposes. |
| What was the role of cities in the United States prior to the Civil War? | Prior to the Civil War, cities in the United States served as economic hubs, fostering commerce, industry, and trade, while also becoming centers for cultural and political activities. |
| What was the role of technology in shaping the spatial pattern of American cities between the Civil War (1865) and 1920? | Technology played a crucial role in shaping the spatial pattern of American cities between the Civil War and 1920 by facilitating faster communication, transportation, and the concentration of industries. |
| What was the role played by transportation technology in developing cities west of the Mississippi River? | Transportation technology, particularly the expansion of railroads, played a key role in developing cities west of the Mississippi River by facilitating the movement of people, goods, and resources to and from these areas. |
| How did the electric streetcar change the spatial and social patterns of American cities? | The electric streetcar revolutionized American cities by expanding transportation options, influencing urban development patterns, and contributing to the growth of suburbs. |
| What was the role played by political bosses in nineteenth-and early-twentieth-century American cities? | Political bosses in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American cities wielded significant influence through political machines, using patronage and corruption to control city governments and secure support. |
| What was the impact of immigration on the nineteenth-century American city? | Immigration in the nineteenth-century American city had a profound impact, contributing to population growth, cultural diversity, and the formation of ethnic enclaves within urban areas. |
| What were the goals of early-twentieth-century urban reform movements, and what impact did they have? | Early-twentieth-century urban reform movements aimed to address issues such as corruption, poor working conditions, and inadequate living conditions, leading to changes in labor laws, sanitation, and housing regulations. |
| How has the myth of rural virtue affected American politics and urban policies? | The myth of rural virtue has influenced American politics and urban policies by contributing to a historical tension between urban and rural interests, shaping debates on issues like agricultural policy and urban development. |
| What is meant by an urban ecology approach to the city? | An urban ecology approach to the city examines the interrelationships between human and natural systems within an urban environment, considering how they interact and influence each other. |
| How have patterns of invasion and succession shaped American cities, and how do they affect cities today? | Invasion and succession patterns have shaped American cities through waves of migration, settlement, and economic development, impacting the spatial and social structure of cities today. |
| What is the Burgess zonal hypothesis, and what does it say about the growth pattern of American cities? | The Burgess zonal hypothesis suggests that American cities grow outward in concentric zones, with different land uses in each zone, reflecting a pattern of urban development |
| Does the evidence support or contradict the Burgess Hypothesis? | The evidence generally supports the Burgess Hypothesis, as many cities exhibit concentric zoning patterns, although exceptions and variations exist. |
| What are the sector and multi-nuclei models of urban growth, and how do they differ from the Burgess model? | The sector and multi-nuclei models propose alternative growth patterns, with sectors of development along transportation routes and multiple centers of activity, respectively, deviating from the concentric zones of the Burgess model. |
| Are growth patterns outside North America different, and if so, how? | Growth patterns outside North America can differ, influenced by factors such as historical development, cultural practices, and geographical constraints. |
| How does the Los Angeles School suggest the postmodern city differs from the Chicago School model? | The Los Angeles School suggests the postmodern city is characterized by decentralized, fragmented spaces, contrasting with the Chicago School model's emphasis on a centralized urban core. |
| What are the assumptions of political economy models of cities? | Political economy models of cities assume that economic forces and power relations significantly shape urban development and social structures. |
| What is the urban growth machine ideology, and how does an urban growth machine model differ from the political economy approach? | The urban growth machine ideology posits that powerful elites, developers, and politicians collaborate to drive urban development for their economic benefit, differing from the broader political economy approach. |
| What is world systems theory, and what are its assumptions? | World systems theory assumes that global economic structures and power dynamics influence the development of cities, creating a hierarchy between core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral regions. |
| How is the metropolitan area replacing the city as the major urban unit? | The metropolitan area is replacing the city as the major urban unit due to increased suburbanization, economic decentralization, and the interconnectedness of surrounding areas forming a more integrated urban landscape. |
| What was the major population flow within metropolitan areas during the last half century and how did it differ from the pattern of the first half of the twentieth century? | In the last half-century, there has been a significant suburbanization trend within metropolitan areas, contrasting with the urbanization pattern of the first half of the twentieth century when central cities experienced greater population growth. |
| How does the Census Bureau define urbanized areas, metropolitan statistical areas, and consolidated metropolitan statistical areas? | Densely populated regions with at least 50,000 people, metropolitan statistical areas as central cities and their surrounding communities, and consolidated metropolitan statistical areas as larger metro areas with adjacent, economically integrated regions |
| What economic activities have decentralized from central cities and which have not? | Economic activities such as manufacturing and some services have decentralized from central cities, while finance, technology, and other knowledge-based industries often remain concentrated in urban cores. |
| How are edge cities defined and where are they located? | Edge cities are defined as suburban centers with significant office and commercial space, typically located at the outskirts of metropolitan areas. |
| What are the primary characteristics that distinguish edge cities from traditional city cores? | Edge cities are characterized by a concentration of office buildings, retail complexes, and entertainment facilities, distinguishing them from traditional city cores primarily focused on residential and commercial activities. |
| How do malls differ from traditional downtown shopping? | Malls differ from traditional downtown shopping by providing enclosed, centralized retail spaces with a variety of stores, restaurants, and entertainment options, offering a controlled and convenient shopping environment. |
| How has the Sunbelt changed in the forty years since it was first named and discussed? | Since its first discussion, the Sunbelt has experienced population growth, economic development, and increased political influence, becoming more diverse and urbanized. |
| What currently are the major regional population shifts and what are the consequences? | Major regional population shifts include migration to the South and West, leading to increased urbanization and potential consequences such as strain on infrastructure, housing markets, and social services. |
| What problems face the Sunbelt? | The Sunbelt faces problems such as rapid population growth straining infrastructure, water scarcity, and challenges related to urban sprawl, environmental concerns, and socioeconomic disparities |
| How did the nineteenth-century suburbs differ numerically, economically, and socially from post-World War II suburbs? | Nineteenth-century suburbs were often smaller in size, economically tied to the city center, and socially homogeneous, while post-World War II suburbs were larger, economically self-sufficient, and characterized by greater social diversity. |
| What role did the electric streetcar play in the development of suburbia? | The electric streetcar facilitated the development of suburbia by providing affordable and convenient transportation, allowing people to live farther from the city center. |
| What were the major reasons for post-World War II suburban growth? | Post-World War II suburban growth was driven by factors such as the GI Bill, which provided housing benefits to veterans, a booming economy, and the availability of affordable housing in newly developed suburban areas |
| How did the Veterans Administration (VA) and Federal Housing Administration (FHA) change residential housing patterns? | The Veterans Administration (VA) and Federal Housing Administration (FHA) changed residential housing patterns by insuring mortgages and providing financial support, making homeownership more accessible and contributing to suburbanization |
| What frequently mentioned common sense “causes” of suburbanization played only minor roles in the twenty-five years following World War II? | Commonly mentioned causes of suburbanization, like the desire for open space and escape from crime, played minor roles in the twenty-five years following World War II. |
| What are some of the categories of suburbs discussed in the text? | Categories of suburbs discussed include commuter suburbs, industrial suburbs, and residential suburbs, each with distinct characteristics. |
| What is the “myth of suburbia”? | The "myth of suburbia" refers to the idealized perception of suburbs as idyllic, homogeneous, and free from urban problems, often perpetuated in popular culture. |
| What is the amount and nature of suburban poverty? | Suburban poverty varies in amount and nature, with some suburbs experiencing increasing poverty rates and challenges similar to urban areas. |
| Are suburbs becoming multiracial and multicultural? | Suburbs are becoming more multiracial and multicultural as demographic shifts and increased diversity reshape residential patterns. |
| How do urbanization patterns differ among African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans? | Urbanization patterns differ among African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans, with unique migration trends, settlement patterns, and socioeconomic factors influencing their experiences in urban areas. |
| What did the nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century social theorists suggest regarding the impact of the city on personal and social life? | Suggested that the city had both positive and negative impacts on personal and social life, with some emphasizing the potential for cultural enrichment and others highlighting the challenges of urbanization. |
| What were some of the major characteristics of “urbanism as a way of life”? | Major characteristics of "urbanism as a way of life" include increased social diversity, anonymity, and a shift towards individualistic values in urban settings. |
| Is the Wirthian “urbanism as a way of life” model supported by the data, or not? | The support for the Wirthian "urbanism as a way of life" model varies, with some data supporting aspects like increased anonymity but also recognizing the diversity of urban experiences. |
| How does compositional theory differ from Wirthian deterministic theory? | Compositional theory focuses on the characteristics of individuals in urban areas, while Wirthian deterministic theory emphasizes the impact of the urban environment on shaping behaviors and attitudes. |
| How does subcultural theory differ from Wir-thian deterministic theory? | Subcultural theory suggests that distinct subcultures within urban areas can influence behavior, while Wirthian deterministic theory focuses more on the overall impact of the urban environment itself. |
| What factors distinguish “brain-gain” cities from “brain-loss” cities? | "Brain-gain" cities attract highly skilled individuals and experience population growth, while "brain-loss" cities struggle with outmigration of skilled workers. |
| What are the housing preferences of LGBT house-holds, and how do gay and lesbian choices differ? | LGBT households often prioritize inclusivity and acceptance in their housing choices, with differences in preferences between gay and lesbian individuals based on factors like urban versus suburban environments. |
| What is meant by the statement that stable inner-city ethnic groups have a peer-group orientation? | The statement that stable inner-city ethnic groups have a peer-group orientation means that these communities often rely on social networks and relationships within their own ethnic group for support and identity. |
| How do urban working-class family norms differ from those of upper-middle-class professionals? | Urban working-class family norms may involve a stronger emphasis on extended family networks and communal support, while upper-middle-class professionals may prioritize individual achievement and independence |
| How does the social attitude toward housing of deprived inner-city residents differ from that of middle-class populations? | The social attitude toward housing of deprived inner-city residents may involve a focus on immediate, basic needs, while middle-class populations may prioritize long-term investment and amenities in their housing choices. |
| What two factors does Lofland suggest we use when identifying strangers in metro areas? | Lofland suggests using appearance and behavior as the two factors for identifying strangers in metro areas. |
| What is the distinction between “neighbors” and “just neighbors?” | The distinction between "neighbors" and "just neighbors" lies in the level of social interaction and emotional connection, with the latter indicating a more distant and impersonal relationship. |
| What is meant by “community of limited liability?” | "Community of limited liability" refers to a social structure where individuals maintain a certain level of detachment and responsibility within the community, avoiding deep personal involvement. |
| What are the social effects of density and crowding? | Density and crowding can lead to increased stress, reduced personal space, and potentially higher levels of aggression and social withdrawal. |
| How do the popular and social science views of the effects of crowding differ? | The popular view often sees crowding as universally negative, while social science acknowledges nuanced effects depending on individual differences and situational factors. |
| Who is homeless and what are the demographic characteristics of the homeless? | Homelessness includes individuals without a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence; demographic characteristics vary but often include factors like poverty, mental illness, and substance abuse. |
| What is the most successful program to decrease homelessness? | The Housing First program is considered one of the most successful in decreasing homelessness, prioritizing providing stable housing before addressing other needs. |
| What have been the patterns over the last two decades regarding urban crime rates? | Urban crime rates have shown a general decline over the last two decades, although patterns may vary across different cities and crime types. |
| What is the relationship between city size and city crime rates? | Generally, larger cities tend to have higher crime rates, but the relationship is complex, influenced by various factors such as socio-economic conditions and law enforcement. |
| Discuss and evaluate the broken windows theory? | The broken windows theory suggests that visible signs of disorder and neglect in a community can lead to increased crime; however, its effectiveness is debated, and critics argue that it oversimplifies the causes of crime. |
| Why are women discussed as a minority? | Women are often discussed as a minority because historically, they have been marginalized and faced social, economic, and political inequalities compared to men |
| What are the contradictory images of women from frontier times to the contemporary era? | Contradictory images of women from frontier times to the contemporary era range from the pioneer woman myth glorifying resilience to the evolving roles, challenging stereotypes, and advocating for gender equality. |
| What is the ideology of “female domesticity” and how did it affect housing patterns and designs? | The ideology of "female domesticity" emphasized women's roles in the home, influencing housing patterns with spaces designed for traditional gender roles and reinforcing societal expectations. |
| What is meant by the gendered organization of space? | The gendered organization of space refers to the social construction of spaces based on gender roles, influencing how spaces are used, perceived, and allocated within societies. |
| Compare the experiences of second-wave immi-grants (1820–1880) with that of third-wave im-migrants (1880–1920s)? | Second-wave immigrants (1820–1880) faced challenges of assimilation, while third-wave immigrants (1880–1920s) encountered increased diversity, urbanization, and often stronger ethnic communities. |
| How was U.S. immigration legislation from the 1920s to the 1960s influenced by the assumed “racial inferiority” of third-wave immigrants? | U.S. immigration legislation from the 1920s to the 1960s was influenced by assumed racial inferiority, leading to discriminatory quotas targeting third-wave immigrants and favoring Western and Northern European immigrants. |
| How did slavery in cities differ from plantation slavery? | Slavery in cities differed from plantation slavery as urban slaves often had more diverse tasks, faced different living conditions, and had increased opportunities for communication and resistance. |
| What was the “Great Migration” and how did it impact American cities? | The "Great Migration" was the movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban North, impacting American cities by contributing to cultural, economic, and social changes. |
| How have urban racial segregation patterns in American metro areas changed over the last twenty-five years? | Urban racial segregation patterns in American metro areas have changed over the last twenty-five years with varying degrees of improvement, but persistent challenges remain in achieving true integration. |
| What did Henry Louis Gates mean when he said, “There are now two nations in America, and those two nations—one hopeless and one full of hope—are both black”? | Henry Louis Gates meant that there are two nations within America based on the disparate opportunities and challenges faced by black individuals, highlighting a contrast between hope and hopelessness |
| What is the current size of the Latino population? Describe its growth and geographical distribution. | The current Latino population in the United States is around 62 million. It has experienced significant growth over the years, with a substantial presence in the southwestern, western, and southeastern regions. |
| Describe the diversity within the Hispanic popu-lation and the differences among Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban populations | The Hispanic population is diverse, with variations among Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban populations in terms of language, cultural practices, and historical backgrounds. |
| Describe the size, regional location, and socio-economic characteristics of the Mexican Ameri-can population | The Mexican American population is the largest among Hispanic groups, concentrated in the southwestern U.S. They vary socioeconomically, with some facing challenges such as lower educational attainment and income levels. |
| What is the current status of the young people known as Dreamers? | The status of Dreamers, young undocumented immigrants brought to the U.S. as children, is subject to policy changes. As of now, their situation remains uncertain, and legislative efforts for a permanent solution continue |
| What is the current growth pattern for Asian Ameri-can populations, and where is growth taking place? | The Asian American population has been experiencing significant growth, particularly in the western and southern regions of the U.S. |
| What are the differences within the Asian popu-lation in terms of socioeconomic status? Which group is at the top and which at the bottom? | Socioeconomic status varies within the Asian population, with groups like Indian and Filipino Americans tending to have higher incomes, while Southeast Asian communities often face economic challenges |
| What were the consequences for Japanese Ameri-cans of their internment in camps during World War II? | Japanese Americans faced severe consequences, including loss of property and civil liberties, during their internment in camps during World War II. |
| What is meant by the term model minority, and what are some of its disadvantages? | The term "model minority" refers to the perception of certain Asian American groups as high-achieving and successful, but it oversimplifies the diverse experiences and challenges within the community. |
| What is the current demographic and economic status of Native Americans? | The current demographic and economic status of Native Americans varies, with disparities in education, employment, and health outcomes |
| How has movement to cities impacted Native Americans? | The movement to cities has impacted Native Americans with challenges such as urban poverty, loss of cultural ties, and limited access to resources, despite efforts to maintain cultural identity. |
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