Exam 1 SOC 432
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| show | Urban growth patterns have shifted from primarily concentric and radial patterns in the 19th century to more dispersed and decentralized patterns in recent decades.
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| How has the proportion of the world’s population living in cities changed over the last fifty years? | show 🗑
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| show | Virtually all contemporary urban growth, known as the Urban Explosion, is predominantly taking place in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
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| show | A century ago, most urban growth occurred in Europe and North America
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| What criteria do different countries use to define urban areas? | show 🗑
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| show | Urbanization refers to the overall process of population concentration in urban areas, while urbanism refers to the study of the characteristics and way of life in cities.
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| show | Ecological and political economy models both focus on a macro-level analysis and address questions related to the broader societal and environmental impacts of urbanization.
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| show | Urbanism as a way of life focuses on the micro-level analysis of individual behaviors, lifestyles, and interactions within urban environments.
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| show | Major European social theorists of the late 19th and early 20th century, including Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim, developed typologies to explain urban change based on economic, social, and cultural factors.
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| What was the focus of the Chicago School scholars, and how did they change urban sociology? | show 🗑
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| show | The ecological complex refers to the interrelatedness of human societies and their environments, and its four categories of variables are population, technology, organization, and environment.
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| show | The strengths of the ecological complex include its holistic approach to understanding human-environment interactions, while weaknesses include the challenge of accurately measuring and predicting the complex relationships among variables.
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| What role did agriculture play in the development of the first urban settlements? | show 🗑
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| How were the cities and social organization of Athens and Rome similar and how did they differ? | show 🗑
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| show | The medieval city was often organized around a castle or cathedral, with narrow winding streets, while the Renaissance saw a shift towards more planned and grid-like urban layouts
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| show | The Black Death in the fourteenth century led to a significant decline in population, disrupting social hierarchies and contributing to the rise of labor movements and changes in economic structures.
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| What are the crucial differences in the ideal type social structure of pre-industrial and industrial cities as listed by Gidion Sjoberg and Louis Wirth? | show 🗑
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| What is the demographic transition and how did it affect city growth? | show 🗑
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| show | The second urban revolution marked a shift from industrial to post-industrial economies, with consequences including increased globalization, the rise of technology, and changes in urban form and function.
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| What were the effects of the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution on life in cities? | show 🗑
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| What were the major English settlements in North America, and how did they differ? | show 🗑
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| show | Early Canadian settlements were primarily focused on fur trading and missionary activities, while early American settlements had diverse motivations, including religious freedom, economic opportunities, and colonization for agricultural purposes.
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| show | Prior to the Civil War, cities in the United States served as economic hubs, fostering commerce, industry, and trade, while also becoming centers for cultural and political activities.
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| show | Technology played a crucial role in shaping the spatial pattern of American cities between the Civil War and 1920 by facilitating faster communication, transportation, and the concentration of industries.
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| What was the role played by transportation technology in developing cities west of the Mississippi River? | show 🗑
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| show | The electric streetcar revolutionized American cities by expanding transportation options, influencing urban development patterns, and contributing to the growth of suburbs.
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| What was the role played by political bosses in nineteenth-and early-twentieth-century American cities? | show 🗑
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| What was the impact of immigration on the nineteenth-century American city? | show 🗑
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| show | Early-twentieth-century urban reform movements aimed to address issues such as corruption, poor working conditions, and inadequate living conditions, leading to changes in labor laws, sanitation, and housing regulations.
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| How has the myth of rural virtue affected American politics and urban policies? | show 🗑
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| What is meant by an urban ecology approach to the city? | show 🗑
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| show | Invasion and succession patterns have shaped American cities through waves of migration, settlement, and economic development, impacting the spatial and social structure of cities today.
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| show | The Burgess zonal hypothesis suggests that American cities grow outward in concentric zones, with different land uses in each zone, reflecting a pattern of urban development
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| Does the evidence support or contradict the Burgess Hypothesis? | show 🗑
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| What are the sector and multi-nuclei models of urban growth, and how do they differ from the Burgess model? | show 🗑
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| Are growth patterns outside North America different, and if so, how? | show 🗑
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| How does the Los Angeles School suggest the postmodern city differs from the Chicago School model? | show 🗑
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| What are the assumptions of political economy models of cities? | show 🗑
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| show | The urban growth machine ideology posits that powerful elites, developers, and politicians collaborate to drive urban development for their economic benefit, differing from the broader political economy approach.
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| What is world systems theory, and what are its assumptions? | show 🗑
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| show | The metropolitan area is replacing the city as the major urban unit due to increased suburbanization, economic decentralization, and the interconnectedness of surrounding areas forming a more integrated urban landscape.
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| What was the major population flow within metropolitan areas during the last half century and how did it differ from the pattern of the first half of the twentieth century? | show 🗑
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| How does the Census Bureau define urbanized areas, metropolitan statistical areas, and consolidated metropolitan statistical areas? | show 🗑
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| show | Economic activities such as manufacturing and some services have decentralized from central cities, while finance, technology, and other knowledge-based industries often remain concentrated in urban cores.
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| How are edge cities defined and where are they located? | show 🗑
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| What are the primary characteristics that distinguish edge cities from traditional city cores? | show 🗑
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| show | Malls differ from traditional downtown shopping by providing enclosed, centralized retail spaces with a variety of stores, restaurants, and entertainment options, offering a controlled and convenient shopping environment.
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| How has the Sunbelt changed in the forty years since it was first named and discussed? | show 🗑
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| show | Major regional population shifts include migration to the South and West, leading to increased urbanization and potential consequences such as strain on infrastructure, housing markets, and social services.
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| What problems face the Sunbelt? | show 🗑
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| show | Nineteenth-century suburbs were often smaller in size, economically tied to the city center, and socially homogeneous, while post-World War II suburbs were larger, economically self-sufficient, and characterized by greater social diversity.
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| What role did the electric streetcar play in the development of suburbia? | show 🗑
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| What were the major reasons for post-World War II suburban growth? | show 🗑
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| How did the Veterans Administration (VA) and Federal Housing Administration (FHA) change residential housing patterns? | show 🗑
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| What frequently mentioned common sense “causes” of suburbanization played only minor roles in the twenty-five years following World War II? | show 🗑
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| What are some of the categories of suburbs discussed in the text? | show 🗑
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| What is the “myth of suburbia”? | show 🗑
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| What is the amount and nature of suburban poverty? | show 🗑
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| show | Suburbs are becoming more multiracial and multicultural as demographic shifts and increased diversity reshape residential patterns.
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| How do urbanization patterns differ among African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans? | show 🗑
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| What did the nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century social theorists suggest regarding the impact of the city on personal and social life? | show 🗑
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| show | Major characteristics of "urbanism as a way of life" include increased social diversity, anonymity, and a shift towards individualistic values in urban settings.
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| show | The support for the Wirthian "urbanism as a way of life" model varies, with some data supporting aspects like increased anonymity but also recognizing the diversity of urban experiences.
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| show | Compositional theory focuses on the characteristics of individuals in urban areas, while Wirthian deterministic theory emphasizes the impact of the urban environment on shaping behaviors and attitudes.
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| How does subcultural theory differ from Wir-thian deterministic theory? | show 🗑
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| show | "Brain-gain" cities attract highly skilled individuals and experience population growth, while "brain-loss" cities struggle with outmigration of skilled workers.
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| What are the housing preferences of LGBT house-holds, and how do gay and lesbian choices differ? | show 🗑
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| What is meant by the statement that stable inner-city ethnic groups have a peer-group orientation? | show 🗑
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| show | Urban working-class family norms may involve a stronger emphasis on extended family networks and communal support, while upper-middle-class professionals may prioritize individual achievement and independence
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| How does the social attitude toward housing of deprived inner-city residents differ from that of middle-class populations? | show 🗑
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| show | Lofland suggests using appearance and behavior as the two factors for identifying strangers in metro areas.
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| What is the distinction between “neighbors” and “just neighbors?” | show 🗑
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| show | "Community of limited liability" refers to a social structure where individuals maintain a certain level of detachment and responsibility within the community, avoiding deep personal involvement.
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| What are the social effects of density and crowding? | show 🗑
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| How do the popular and social science views of the effects of crowding differ? | show 🗑
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| show | Homelessness includes individuals without a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence; demographic characteristics vary but often include factors like poverty, mental illness, and substance abuse.
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| show | The Housing First program is considered one of the most successful in decreasing homelessness, prioritizing providing stable housing before addressing other needs.
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| What have been the patterns over the last two decades regarding urban crime rates? | show 🗑
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| What is the relationship between city size and city crime rates? | show 🗑
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| Discuss and evaluate the broken windows theory? | show 🗑
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| Why are women discussed as a minority? | show 🗑
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| What are the contradictory images of women from frontier times to the contemporary era? | show 🗑
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| What is the ideology of “female domesticity” and how did it affect housing patterns and designs? | show 🗑
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| show | The gendered organization of space refers to the social construction of spaces based on gender roles, influencing how spaces are used, perceived, and allocated within societies.
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| show | Second-wave immigrants (1820–1880) faced challenges of assimilation, while third-wave immigrants (1880–1920s) encountered increased diversity, urbanization, and often stronger ethnic communities.
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| How was U.S. immigration legislation from the 1920s to the 1960s influenced by the assumed “racial inferiority” of third-wave immigrants? | show 🗑
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| How did slavery in cities differ from plantation slavery? | show 🗑
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| show | The "Great Migration" was the movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban North, impacting American cities by contributing to cultural, economic, and social changes.
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| How have urban racial segregation patterns in American metro areas changed over the last twenty-five years? | show 🗑
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| What did Henry Louis Gates mean when he said, “There are now two nations in America, and those two nations—one hopeless and one full of hope—are both black”? | show 🗑
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| What is the current size of the Latino population? Describe its growth and geographical distribution. | show 🗑
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| Describe the diversity within the Hispanic popu-lation and the differences among Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban populations | show 🗑
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| Describe the size, regional location, and socio-economic characteristics of the Mexican Ameri-can population | show 🗑
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| What is the current status of the young people known as Dreamers? | show 🗑
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| show | The Asian American population has been experiencing significant growth, particularly in the western and southern regions of the U.S.
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| What are the differences within the Asian popu-lation in terms of socioeconomic status? Which group is at the top and which at the bottom? | show 🗑
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| show | Japanese Americans faced severe consequences, including loss of property and civil liberties, during their internment in camps during World War II.
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| show | The term "model minority" refers to the perception of certain Asian American groups as high-achieving and successful, but it oversimplifies the diverse experiences and challenges within the community.
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| What is the current demographic and economic status of Native Americans? | show 🗑
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| show | The movement to cities has impacted Native Americans with challenges such as urban poverty, loss of cultural ties, and limited access to resources, despite efforts to maintain cultural identity.
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