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Physics final
Ch 1-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of radiation is x-ray? | Electromagnetic radiation |
| Which type of radiation is produced by the interaction of an incident electron with the nucleus of a target atom? | Bremsstrahlung |
| What determines the maximum energy level of a photon of characteristic radiation? | The binding energy of the electron shell |
| What two types of ionization are predominant within the energy range of diagnostic radiography? | Photoelectric effect and Compton effect |
| What three end products always result from a photoelectric effect interaction? | A positive ion, a negative ion, and characteristic radiation |
| The statement “like charges repel, unlike charges attract” represents which law of nature? | The law of electrostatics. |
| A current carrying conductor that has been looped into many coils to enhance the strength of its magnetic field is called a | solenoid |
| What are the two types of electromagnetic induction? | Self induction and mutual induction. |
| What is the positively charged electrode of an x-ray tube? | Anode |
| Which half-value layer indicates the beam with the highest quality? | 4mm lead |
| Which factors controls beam quality? | Filtration and kVp |
| What is the relationship between mAs and receptor exposure? | mAs is directly proportional to receptor exposure. |
| Secondary photons are considered as New Photons? | True |
| An increase in the tube current (mA) will result in | Increase in the quantity of x-ray photons produced |
| The use of higher kVp values will result in the production of photons with __________ wavelengths. | Shorter |
| ____________________________ radiation is produced when a high speed electron removes an orbital electron of the target atom and another electron fills the vacancy. | Characteristic |
| The free electrons around the filament form a "space charge." | True |
| An x-ray beam transferring some of its energy to matter through which it is passing best describes | Attenuation |
| The transfer of all energy from an x-ray photon to the medium through which it is passing is best described as absorption. | True |
| After an ionizing interaction removes an electron, the atom will have an overall positive charge. | True |
| Photoelectric interaction results in ____________ of the photon energy being transferred to the orbital electron. | All |
| The photoelectric effect is most common in what kVp ranges? | Low (10-70kVp) |
| Compton effect is most common in what kVp ranges? | Moderate ( 70kVp and above) |
| Which one of the following is a factor necessary for the production of X-radiation? | Source of free electrons |
| Most x-ray tubes are equipped with | Two filaments |
| Which of the following combinations would pose the most hazard to a particular anode? Hint: It's not the power, remember large focal spot for large body, and small focal spot for small body parts. | 0.6 mm focal spot, 75 kVp, 30 mAs |
| An incident photon that changes direction after interacting with an atom is known as "photo-electric effect" | False |
| How much current is needed to heat the filament enough to produce a 100-1000 mA tube current | 1mA to 10mA |
| An electrostatic force is created when a(n) | Proton approaches a proton |
| Determining which filament will be used during an exposure is done at the operating console by the selection of | Small to large focal spot |
| What are materials that are weakly attracted to a magnet | Paramagnetic |
| A general purpose radiographic tube typically has _____ filament | Two |
| Finish the statement below " A charged particle in motion will | Create a magnetic field at right angles |
| The Lower the ripple, | The more consistent the energy of the X-rays produced |
| When charged particles move in a straight line,a magnetic field is | Created perpendicular to the particle motion |
| A material that disallows the flow of electrons is known as a(n) | Insulator |
| When electrons move in a copper wire | Resistance to the electron flow will always exist |
| Electromagnetic induction is the process of causing an electrical current to flow in a conductor | When it is placed in the magnetic field of another conductor |
| The strength of the magnetic fields in a transformer is increased by | Coiling the wires letting their magnetic fields overlap |
| What is the unit of electrical current | Ampere |
| Which of the following is not related to the force applied to an electrical charge | Amperage |
| Electromagnetic radiation travels | In waves along a straight line |
| Which of the following is normally measured in volts | Electric potential |
| Electric motive force is related to | Electric potential |
| Positive contrast media is administered to increase which type of interaction? | Photoelectric |
| Which interaction, within the diagnostic range, does not involve the removal of an orbital electron? | Classical scatter |
| Anatomic structures that readily transmit x rays are | Radiolucent |
| Which of the following occurs in a Compton interaction | Atom is ionized |
| Which of the following x rays would be most likely to undergo classical scattering | 10 keV and below |
| During photoelectric interaction | an electron is emitted from the atom |
| If mA is decreased what will happen in the x-ray spectrum | the amplitude of the graph will decrease |
| Differential absorption, although a complicated process, is basically the result of differences between | Photoelectric and transmission |
| Useful characteristic x rays are produced in tungsten | By removal of a k shell electrons |
| When projectile electron energy is increased | more bremsstrahlung x rays are produced |
| Secondary ionization can occur as a result of | Photoelectric effect and Compton effect |
| If radiographic technique in a tungsten target at 60 kVp/80 mAs is changed to 80 kVp/80 mAs | the number of x rays produced increases |
| The power of x ray exposure is best represented by | the area under the emission spectrum |
| The output intensity of an x ray tube | Is primarily due to bremsstrahlung x rays |
| When distance is increased, x ray quantity at that distance | decreases in proportion to distance squared |
| The anode heel effect cause the intensity of the x-ray beam to be great at the | Cathode end of the beam |
| Both the shape and the position of the characteristic x ray emission spectrum | Correspond to target electron binding energies |
| ____ is the phenomenon that occurs around the filament during thermionic emission and prevents the further escape of electrons from the filament. | Space charge effect |
| When characteristic x rays are produced the energy of the x rays is characteristic of | The atomic number of the target |
| representative radiographic tube has 0.5 mm Al inherent filtration and 2.0 mm Al added filtration. Therefore: | an additional 1.0 mm Al filtration will harden the x ray beam |
| Which characteristic is reduced as x ray energy increases | X-ray wave length |
| A technique using high kVp (70 or above) would result in _______ compared to a low kVp technique. | decreased absorption by the patient and increased production of scatter radiation |
| An increase in mAs will increase | x ray quantity |
| When the kVp is increased, x ray quantity | increases in proportion geometrically |
| Compton effect is most common in what kVp ranges? | 70 or higher kvp |
| The kinetic energy of a projectile electron can be measured in | Volts |
| The continuous x ray emission spectrum principally depends on which of the following | Projectile electron energy |
| Minimum wavelength of a photon is related to | the kinetic energy of the projectile electron |
| A technique using high kVp (80 or above) would result in _______ compared to a low kVp technique. | decreased absorption by the patient and increased production of scatter radiation |
| When filtration is added to a normally filtered x ray beam, the x ray emission spectrum will | decrease in amplitude |
| An increase in kVp results in an increase in | radiation quality |
| The quality of an x ray beam is principally a function of which of the following | kVp |
| The kinetic energy of the projectile electron in an x-ray tube | is about 1% efficient in the production of x-rays |
| Which of the following statements applies to the x ray emission spectrum | the target material affects the amplitude of bremsstrahlung x rays |
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