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CogSci Exam #1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cognition | is about knowing → relationship between the subject/ the external world |
| Central disciplines | psychology, linguistics, computer science |
| Peripheral disciplines | neuroscience, anthropology, philosophy |
| Cybernetics | used concepts developed by computer science to model brain functions eludcidated in neuroscience |
| Computational linguistics | computer science + linguistics |
| Psycholinguistics | linguistics + psychology |
| Studies of the evolution of the brain | anthropology + neuroscience |
| Cognitive | aiming toward empirical/ theoretical understanding of cognition → founding disciplines addressed intelligence in humans (cognitive psych)/ computers (AI)/ language as paradigmatic domain of human competence (linguistics) |
| Interdisciplinary | ideas/ methods of inquiry propagate across traditional boundaries, collaborations thrive among many different perspectives/ fields |
| Karl Lashley (brain tissue exhibited) | 1. equipotentiality (ability to take on diff functions) 2. mass action (the total area available, not location matters) |
| Pavlov | Classical conditioning: helped shaped new thought that came to dominate psych - dogs salivating |
| Watson | narrowed psych focus to learning/ promoted the use of animals as model organisms |
| B.F. Skinner | Operant conditioning: reinforcing an act brings it under control increasing rate at which a rat presses a bar |
| Cognitive Science | interdisciplinary study of the mind as an information processor |
| Informational processor | makes sense of the info we are taking in/ processes that information coming in |
| Mind | brain, thinking, consciousness, unconsciousness, emotions/ feelings, self, freewill |
| What's in the mind | behavior, communicating, decision making, understanding |
| Methods of Examination | Brain imaging (EEG) Behavioral studies Developmental Algorithms (computer science) Experimentation |
| Methodology/ Assumption | Relies on scientific method (testing analysis/ replication) Assumes mind is an information processor |
| Representation | mental representation → fundamental assumption |
| Mental representation | forms that knowledge exists in the mind/ can be manipulated by mental procedures |
| Forms | sounds, images, binary (computer), other senses, roman numerals, symbols |
| Mental procedures | actions, rules, ways you use in your head to do things, ways in which we manipulate the symbols we have |
| Mental experience | is all abt representations --> construct the world through representation |
| Forms of Info in the Mind | Conscious ideas, energy, self, memories, knowledge, thoughts, feelings |
| History | 1950/1960s: cognitive science arose in the Cognitive Revolution |
| Chomsky | language/ linguistic measures w/ children |
| Product of Cognitive Rev (1) | Cognitive Science (1956): difficult to study/ studies cognition in humans/ animals/ plants/ AI robotics |
| Product of Cognitive Rev (2) | Cognitive psychology (1967): scientitifc study of mental processes (thinking, learning, consciousness, make decision, memories, language, attention) |
| Product of Cognitive Rev (3) | Cognitive Neuroscience: study of the bioloigcal processes of the brain that serve that underlie cognition - brain imaging tools (MRI, PET, CT, fMRI, EEG) |
| Forms + Representations | provide our experience through reality/ necessary to explain variety of human cognition + behaviors/ actions |
| Sound | psychological perception (physical energy) --> travels as wave through air that comes through ears and changes into a mental representations called words |
| 4 Requirements for Representations (1) | Representation bearer: entity must realize the representation (holds those representations) → realize it/ bring it into existence |
| 4 Requirements for Representations (2) | Has Content: stand for something in the world called referents (representation has to be mapped to its referent) |
| 4 Requirements for Representations (3) | Be Grounded: representation + referent must become connected |
| 4 Requirements for Representations (4) | Be Interpretable: has to be understood by some interpreter |
| Classical cognitive science | Thinking (thoughts) → the process of thinking is the product of operations over symbols, images - cognition is due to rule-governed manipulation of representations |
| CRUM | computational, representational, understanding of mind |
| Symbolic view | representation as symbols - Symbols have meaning (semantics- means meaning) - Symbols can be arranged into expressions → becomes a formal system (AI or robotics) |
| Intentionality | process of mapping --> meaning is derived from the relationship between symbols + their referents |
| Concept | a fundamental unit of symbolic representation,/ idea that represents an entity or group - concrete (simple) or abstract (difficult) |
| Feature-based theory of concept | concepts understood by their features/ defining features (necessary attributes) - features define the concept (aspects of its appearance) |
| Prototype theory of concepts | naming the most typical example of a certain thing or animal |
| Exemplar-based theory of concepts | build a specific instance and that example from the past |
| Proposition | A statement or assertion/ composed of concepts/ some relational terms |
| Declarative knowledge | composed of concepts/ propositions → factual knowledge |
| Rule (logic relation) | Specifices relationship between propositions |
| Production rule | a conditional statement of the form → “if X, then Y |
| Procedural knowledge | knowledge of skills/ actions --> must be represented in information-processing systems |
| Computational Information Processor | Computations of representations → gives rise to cognition (everything your able to do) → most influential assumptions in cogsci (comuptation + representations) |
| What governs behaviors | Personal/ past experiences Enviroment Instincts freewill expectations needs, desire, wishes |
| Human computer (mind) | Like a computer → transforms + represents information - output for humans= actions (behaviors) |
| Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory | Flow of Info: External stimuli (input)→ Sensory memory (from senses)→ (attention) → Short term memory has evolved into working memory (repetition) → Long term memory |
| Computational Level (semantic level) | Most abstract (highest level) - purpose or goal of the system/ computation - what, why, constraints on operations |
| Algorithm Level (programming level) | - how will the process be carried out/ how to reach that goal - what representations are used - software level --> instructions for processing data |
| algorithm | formal procedure used to manipulate/ change representations --> its instructions (step by step guidance) used to change/ manipulate these representations |
| Philosophy | search for wisdom + knowledge/ not limited by subject matter |
| Metaphysics | they study what exists/ what kinds of stuff exists |
| Philosophy of the Mind | the branch that studies mind/ consciousness/ relationship to the body (brain) - investigate problems of knowledge acquisition - mind-body problem |
| Knowledge acquisition | how we acquire knowledge |
| Epistemology | the study of knowledge and what is knowledge/ how knowledge is acquired |
| Empiricsm | direct observation/ experiences through senses |
| Rationalism | reason/ use logic |
| Computation | knowledge is not direct, but constructed --> find one piece of info/ have conclusion on other thing |
| Information Processing Conundrum (1) | Computation can be carried out on meaningless symbols |
| Logical propositions | unit of representation/ concept - humans have meaingfulness, but computers do it meaningless |
| Manipulation of meaningless symbols | anything described by manipulation of symbols could be done by a simple machine without understanding |
| Computing by mind --> produces intelligent behavior | we should subscribe that machines are also intelligent? |
| Information Processing Conundrum (2) | Representations + Causation |
| Cognitive science (info processing) | study of the mind and behaviors in psychology --> how do these things cause behaviors? |
| Different sciences appeal to different basic properties | Physics: atoms Chemistry: elements Biology: cells (genetic material) |
| Natural scienes | for every effect there is a cause X --> Y |
| Psychology properties | mental representations of world - beliefs, wished, wants, goals, inferences --> to explain behaviors |
| How can beliefs cause behaviors? | different beliefs cause same behavior (change direction of US) same belief causes different behaviors (Big G- GOD) --> diff religion cause diff behaviors from ppl |
| Belief is an odd property | drives behavior regardless of whether what is believed exists --> sometimes we believe exists but there is NO evidence |
| What beliefs are abt is what matters for behaviors | believe in something it will cause you to do that |
| But aboutness is not a category of natural science | belief abt something that drives behavior |
| Beliefs/ goals/ must have own | representations or are embedded in (or are apart of) other representations |
| Cogsci/ behavior | cognitive science is also abt behavior/ process info that are representations/ allow all these behaviors/ those factors that drive also have their own representations |
| Information Processing Conundrum (3) | How something is perceived depends not on its physical properties but on how its parts are represented in the mind - everyone has diff representations for the same thing |
| Pike (antropologist) | its emic / not etic properties that matter - what determines behaviors is not how the world is --> its physical properties |
| Etic | physical properties |
| Emic | properties of how the world is perceived/ represented |
| Vision neuroscientist | created Marr's Tri-level of analysis |
| Marr's Tri-level of Analysis | mind is a complex system (how it drives our behaviors) properties of a system emerge from interactions of all its basic parts - computational, algorithm, implementation |
| Complex systems | have different levels of organization - require explanations at diff levels of analysis - required to completely understand the system |
| Implementation Level (hardware level) | - how is the system physically realized - what is it made of/ how is it built - physical stuff |
| Innativism | innate knowledge |
| Descartes (french philsopher) | should rely on reasoning/ logic |
| Experience | past events one goes through/ that are remembered - interactions w/ the world / sensory interpretation |
| Dualism | mind and body are separate entities |
| Dualism subtype (1) | physical substance: makes up the material/ physical world (atoms, molecules, cells) |
| Dualism subtype (2) | still undefined/ fundamentally different properties than physical → experience properties |
| Properties of Experience (1) | Subjective phenomena → can’t be observed by anyone but the person having them |
| Properties of Experience (2) | Intentionality (directness) → refers to things other than themselves/ experience is directed towards something or something else |
| Property dualism | one kind of stuff (physical), but gives rise to different properties |
| Interactionism | Physical + mental properties interact/ causally effect each other |
| Epiphenomenalism | Only physical properties can cause mental properties |
| Parallelism | Body + mind are isolated from each other (run along side eachother/ don’t interact) - they are coordinated by GOD |
| Monism | only one substance exists |
| Idealism (mentalism) | reality is all mental substance |
| Solipsism (extreme version) | only I alone exist/ only existing reality |
| Materalism (physicalism) | reality is all physical / all material in terms of substance - all things composed of atoms |
| Monism Subtype (1) | Reductive (identitiy theory): the mind is the brain (reduce things down to basic physical elements) means that mental states= physiological states of the brain |
| Monism Subtype (2) | Eliminative: NO mental events at all, only physical brain state brain states (diff status of the brain in different times → wishes, wants, beliefs all are precise neurological events) |
| Vitalism (stemmed from biology) | living things need these objectives to survive |
| Philosophical Behaviorism (type of materialism) | mental events= should be studied as behavioral events - mental events are propensities to behave |
| Functionalism (type of materialism) | Recognizes that there are mental states - Causal realtionships (cause/ effect) exisitng amongst mental states, enviromental conditions (inputs), and behaviors (outputs) |
| Physical kinds | by composition- what they made of |
| Physical viewpoint | minds= brain → the mind cannot exist without a brain → computers cannot have “minds” |
| Functional kinds | by what they do |
| Functional viewpoint | minds are what they do |
| Multiple realization | different physical entities/ devices can serve the same function |
| qualia | quality of mental states |
| Unconscious | not being aware, unknown, uncontrollable |
| Conscious | able to be aware/ awake |
Created by:
lils33
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