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How is the conscious
chapter 4: final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| consciousness | the subjective experience of the world and of mental activity |
| dualism | the mind is physically distinct from the brain |
| qualia | we cannot know if any two people experience the world in exactly the same way |
| persistent vegetative state | no response to surroundings |
| minimally conscious state | people make some deliberate movements and may try to communicate |
| corpus callousm | connecting the right and left hemispheres |
| split brain | a condition in which the corpus callosum is surgically cut and the two hemispheres of the brain do not receive information directly from each other |
| interpreter | a left hemisphere process that attempts to make sense of events |
| subliminal perception | information processed without conscious awareness |
| blindsight | a condition in which people who are blind have some spared visual capacities in the absence of any visual awareness |
| global workspace model | consciousness arises as a function of which brain circuits are active |
| electroencephalogram, EEG | a machine that measures the brain's electrical activity |
| theta waves | waves in stage 1 |
| beta waves | waves while awake |
| alpha waves | waves right before sleep |
| sleep spindles | occasional bursts of activity in stage 2 |
| k-complexes | large waves in stage 2 of sleep |
| delt waves | large, regular brain patterns or waves in stages 3 and 4 |
| slow-sleep waves | delta waves |
| REM sleep | the stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, dreaming, and paralysis of motor systems |
| insomnia | a disorder characterized by an inability to sleep |
| pseudoinsomnia | dreaming that your not sleeping |
| cognitive-behavioral therapy | helps patients overcome their worries about sleeping to cure insomnia |
| sleep apnea | a disorder in which a person stops breathing while asleep |
| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder in which people fall asleep during normal waking hours |
| somnambulism | sleepwalking |
| uniheispherical sleep | sleep in which the cerebral hemispheres take turns sleeping |
| restorative theory | sleep allows the brain and body to rest and to repair themselves |
| facilitation of learning | sleep helps memory and learning capabilities |
| microsleeps | brief, unintended sleep episodes, ranging from a few seconds to minute, caused by chronic sleep deprivation |
| circadian rhythms | the regulation of biological cycles into regular patters |
| circadian rhythm theory | sleep has evolved to keep animals quiet and inactive during times of the day when there is greatest danger |
| pineal gland | a tiny structure in the brain that secretes melatonin |
| melatonin | a hormone that travels through the bloodstream and affects various receptors in both the body and the brain |
| reticular formation | in the brainstem that if stimulated leads to increased arousal in the cerebral cortex |
| dreams | the product of an altered state of consciousness in which images and fantasies are confused with reality |
| manifest content | the plot of a dream; the way a dream is remembered |
| latent content | what a dream symbolizes, or the material that is disguised in a dream to protect the dreamer |
| activation-synthesis hypothesis | a theory of dreaming that proposes that neural stimulation for the pons activates mechanisms that normally interpret sigual input |
| epiphenomenal | the side effects of mental processes |
| altered staes of consciousness | unusual subjective experiences, diminished or enhanced levels of self-awareness, and distances in a person's sense of control over physical actions |
| hypnosis | a social interaction during which a person, responding to suggestions, experiences changes in memory, perception, and/or voluntary action |
| post-hypnotic suggestion | a suggestion that after the hypnosis session the person will experience a change in memory, perception, or voluntary action |
| sociocognitive theory of hypnosis | hypnotized people behave as they expect hypnotized people to behave, even if those expectations are faulty |
| dissociation theory of hypnosis | an altered state, namely a trancelike one in which conscious awareness is separated, or dissociated, from other aspects of consciousness |
| hypnotic analgesia | a form of pain reduction using hypnoses |
| meditation | a mental procedure that focuses attention on an external object or on a sense of awareness |
| concentrative meditation | you focus attention on one thing, such as your breathing pattern, a mental image, or a phrase |
| mantra | a specific phrase |
| mindfulness meditation | you let your thoughts flow freely, paying attention to them but trying not to react to them |
| transcendental mediation TM | meditating with great concentration for 20 minutes twice a day |
| runner's high | state that is partially mediated by physiological processes, but it also occurs in part because of a shift in consciousness |
| religious ecstasy | religious meditation |
| flow | a particular kind of experience that is so engrossing and enjoyable that it is worth doing for its own sake even though it may have no consequence outside itself |
Created by:
MarieB
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