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EDUC2203
Human Development Test One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Development | the pattern of development or change that starts at conception and continues through the life span |
| By how much did life expectancy increase in the 20th century? | 30 years |
| In 2016, what was the life expectancy in the U.S.? | 79 years |
| What are three reasons for the increase in life expectancy? | (1) medicine (2) nutrition (3) sanitation |
| What does it mean that development is lifelong? | early adulthood is not the endpoint of development. no age period dominates development |
| What does it mean that development is multidimensional? | the biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes make up development |
| What are biological processes? | changes in an individual's physical nature |
| What are cognitive processes? | changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language |
| What are socioemotional processes? | changes in the individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality |
| What does it mean that development is multidirectional? | throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink |
| What does it mean that development is plastic? | development has the capability for change |
| What does it mean that development is multidisciplinary? | many different fields all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development |
| What does it mean that development is contextual? | all development occurs within a context |
| What is development constructed through? | (1) biological (2) sociocultural (3) indivdiual |
| When is the prenatal period? | conception to birth |
| When is the infancy period? | birth to 18-24 months |
| When is the early childhood period? | end of infancy to age 5 or 6 |
| When is the middle and late childhood period? | 6 to 11 years |
| When is the adolescence period? | 10-12 to 18-22 years |
| When is the early adulthood period? | late teens-early 20s to end of 40s |
| When is the middle adulthood period? | 40 to 60 years |
| When is the late adulthood period? | 60s-70s to death |
| What are the four ways to conceptualize age? | (1) chronological (2) biological (3) social (4) psychological |
| What is nature? | biological inheritance |
| What is nurture? | environmental experiences |
| What are psychoanalytic theories? | describe development primarily in terms of unconscious processes that are heavily colored by emotion |
| What do psychoanalytic theories stress? | early experiences with parents extensively shape development |
| What is wrong with psychoanalytic theories? | lack of scientific support, too much emphasis on sexual underpinnings, and an image of people that is too negative |
| Who is Freud? | pioneer in the treatment of psychological problems |
| Who is Erikson? | theorist who believed we go through eight stages in life |
| What are cognitive theories? | describe development primarily in terms of conscious thought |
| What are three important cognitive theories? | (1) Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory (2) Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory (3) Information Processing Theory |
| What are behavioral and social cognitive theories? | development can be discussed in terms of behaviors learned through interactions with our surroundings |
| Who are three people associated with behavioral and social cognitive theories? | (1) B.F. Skinner (2) Pavlov (3) Bandura |
| What is wrong with behavioral and social cognitive theories? | too little emphasis on cognition and giving inadequate attention to developmental changes |
| What is the ethological theory? | stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods |
| What is the ecological theory? | emphasizes environmental factors |
| Who is associated with the ecological theory? | Bronfenbrenner (5 environmental systems) |
| Culture | the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation |
| Ethnicity | a range of characteristics rooted in cultural heritage, including nationality, race, religion, and language |
| Socioeconomic Status | conceptual grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics |
| Gender | characteristics of people as females and males |
| Social Policy | a national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens |
| How long does prenatal development last? | 266 days (fertilization through birth) |
| What is the germinal period? | first two weeks after conception |
| What is the embryonic period? | two to eight weeks after conception |
| What is the fetal period? | two months after conception until birth |
| When is the first trimester? | first three months |
| When is the second trimester? | middle three months |
| When is the third trimester? | last three months |
| How many neurons do babies have when they're born? | 100 billion |
| What do neurons, or nerve cells, do? | handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain |
| When is basic architecture of the human brain assembled? | first two trimesters |
| When do connections between neurons begin to form? | week 23 |
| When does the nervous system form? | 27 days after conception |
| Teratogen | any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes |
| What influences the severity of damage to an embryo? | dose, genetic susceptibility, and time of exposure |
| What prescription drugs can hurt a fetus? | antibiotics, antidepressants, hormones, accutane, diet pills, aspirin |
| What are psychoactive drugs? | drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods |
| What does caffeine act as? | a stimulant and diuretic |
| What does caffeine do when acting like a stimulant? | increases blood pressure and heart rate |
| What does caffeine do when acting like a diuretic? | increases frequency of urination. causes a reduction in your body fluid levels and can lead to dehydration. |
| How does caffeine get to the fetus? | it crosses the placenta |
| What can caffeine do to the fetus? | cause changes in sleep pattern or normal movement pattern in the later stages of pregnancy |
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy |
| What do children with FASD face? | deficiencies in brain pathways, lower level of executive function in children, externalized and internalized behavior problems |
| What can nicotine do to a fetus? | cause ADHD, offspring is more likely to smoke, increased risk of asthma and wheezing, more likely to smoke during their own pregnancy |
| What can cocaine do to a fetus? | reduce birth weight length and head circumference, impaired connectivity of thalamus and prefrontal cortex, impaired motor development, impaired language development and information processing, self-regulation issues, ADHD, increased aggression, PTSD |
| What can marijuana do to a fetus? | lower birth weight, greater likely to be placed in a NICU, stillbirth, lower intelligence, linked to their own marijuana use |
| What can heroin and opioids do to a fetus? | withdrawal symptoms, tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, impaired motor control, attention deficits |
| What are some environmental hazards for a fetus? | (1) radiation (2) toxic wastes (3) environmental pollutants |
| What are some maternal factors that can affect a fetus? | diet and nutrition, age, emotional states and stress |
| What are some paternal factors that can affect a fetus? | mens exposure to led radiation pesticides and petrochemicals, smoking (secondhand smoke), age |
| What is a zygote? | conception to two weeks |
| What is an embryo? | 2 weeks to 8 weeks |
| What is a fetus? | 8 weeks to birth |
| What is neo-natal? | birth to infancy |
| What occupies an extraordinary proportion of the total body during prenatal development and infancy? | the head |
| Cephalocaudal Pattern | people develop from their head down |
| Proximodistal Pattern | people develop from their midline out |
| How long is the average newborn? | 20 in |
| How much does the average newborn weigh? | 7.5 lbs |
| How tall is the average child age two? | 32 to 35 in |
| How much does the average child age two weigh? | 26-32 lbs |
| How much does the brain weigh at birth? | 25% its adult weight |
| How much does the brain weigh at age two? | 75% its adult weight |
| How many hemispheres are in the brain? | two |
| What are the four main lobes in each hemisphere? | (1) frontal (2) parietal (3) occipital (4) temporal |
| Where are lobes found in the hemisphere? | cerebral cortex |
| Neurons | send electrical and chemical signals |
| What's at the end of an axon? | terminal buttons |
| Terminal Buttons | release chemicals called neurotransmitters into synapses |
| What happens to neurotransmitters after being released? | the stronger ones survive and the unused ones are replaced |
| What are characteristics of being "left-brained?" | more logical, detail-oriented, and analytical |
| What are characteristics of being "right-brained?" | more creative, thoughtful ,and subjective |
| How long does the typical newborn sleep? | 16-17 hours a day |
| How long do infants sleep? | 12.8 hours a day |
| What's the most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents? | nighttime waking |
| From birth to one year, what happens to infants physical growth? | triple their weight and increase length by 40% |
| How do infants develop motor skills? | they perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act |
| Gross Motor Skills | large muscle activities |
| What are gross motor skills milestones? | newborn: can't sit, 2 months: sit supported, 6-7 months: sit independently, 8 months: pull themselves up, 10-12 months: stand alone |
| Fine Motor Skills | finely tuned movements |
| What is a crucial period in the development of fine motor skills? | 4 to 6 months |
| How much does the average child grow? | 2.5in and 5-7 lbs a year |
| Who has more fatty tissue? | girls |
| Who has more muscle mass? | boys |
| What are the two most important contributors to height differences? | (1) ethnic origin (2) nutrition |
| What are the most important physical developments during early childhood? | (1) brain development (2) nervous system development |
| When does the size of the brain not increase dramatically? | ages 3-5 |
| From 3-6, where does the most rapid growth in the brain take place? | frontal lobes (prefrontal cortex_ |
| What most affects young children's eating behavior? | their caregivers' behavior |
| What is a serious health problem in early childhood? | being overweight |
| Fewer ____ children are obese. | preschool |
| Out of 34 countries, what place did the U.S. have in highest rate of childhood obesity? | second |
| How long should young children get physical activity for in a day? | 3 hours |
| What's the leading cause of death in young children? | accidents (motor vehicle, drowning, falls, poisoning) |
| Child-Centered Kindergarten | educating the whole child and promoting physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development |
| What is child-centered kindergarten centered around? | a child's needs and interests |
| What are the three principles of a child-centered kindergarten? | (1) each child follows a unique developmental pattern (2) young children learn best through firsthand experiences (3) play is extremely important in development |
| Montessori Approach | philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities |
| Developmentally Appropriate Education | focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children (age appropriateness) and the uniqueness of each child (individual appropriateness) |
| What is important in developmentally appropriate education? | encouraging children to be active learners and reflect children's interests and capabilities |
| Head Start | government funded program that is designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success |
| What is the largest federally funded program for U.S. children? | head start |
| What are physical growth patterns in middle and late childhood? | 2-3in and 5-7lbs a year |
| How tall are girls by 11 years old? | 4'10 |
| How tall are boys by 11 years old? | 4'9 |
| What happens to the body during middle and late chidhood? | bones ossify, improved muscle tone, head and waist more proportional |
| When does the brain volume stabilizes? | end of middle-late childhood |
| What happens to the prefrontal cortex in middle-late childhood? | circuitry and pathways increase |
| What happens in the temporal and frontal lobes during middle-late childhood? | thickness of cortex increases |
| Synaptic Pruning | areas of the brain not being used lose synaptic connections and those being used show an increase in connections |
| Who outperforms in gross motor skills in middle-late childhood? | boys |
| Who outperforms in fine motor skills in middle-late childhood? | girls |
| What happens to the central nervous system in middle-late childhood? | increased myelination |
| What was the percentage of daily PE in 1969? | 80% |
| What was the percentage of daily PE in 1999? | 20% |
| Sedentary Lifestyles | TV, computers, and games lead to obesity and health issues |
| What is the number one cause of death in middle-late childhood? | injuries (car accidents) |
| What is the number two cause of death in middle-late childhood? | cancer (Lukemia) |
| What is the number one health issue in middle-late childhood? | being overweight (can lead to cardiovascular disease) |
| What is the most common disability type among children? | cognitive difficulty |
| Who is more likely to have a disability? | children living in poverty |
| About ____ times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability. | 3 |
| What percentage of children ages 3-21 in the U.S. receive special ed services? | 14% |
| In WV, how many students receive special ed services (in 2020-2021)? | 17-18% |
| Dyslexia | reading and spelling |
| Dysgraphia | handwriting |
| Dyscalculia | mathematics |
| What percentage of children with a learning disability have a reading problem? | 80% |
| What are some results of ADHD? | inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity |
| Who is ADHD most often reported in? | boys |
| What are the odds of having an Autism Spectrum Disorder? | 1 in 150 (in 2002) |
| Autism | brain dysfunction characterized by abnormalities in brain structures and neurotransmitters |
| Mutations | missing or duplicated pieces of DNA on chromosome 16 |
| Who is more likely to have an ASD? | boys |
| How young can ASD be detected? | 1-3 years |
| How much more often are boys diagnosed with ASD than girls? | 5 times |
| What are some issues a person with ASD would face? | social interactions (making little eye contact), repetitive behaviors |
| What do children with ASD benefit from? | well structured classrooms, small group instruction |
| IEP | individual education plan |
| LRE | least restrictive enviornment |
| IDEA | individuals with disabilities education act, mandates free appropriate education for all children |
| Puberty | a period of rapid physical maturation occurring primarily in early adolescence that involves hormonal and body changes |
| Is puberty the same as adolescence? | no |
| What are the most notable signs of puberty? | sexual maturation, growth spurt |
| What are some facts for female puberty? | begins at 9, peaks at 11.5, completes by 14; grows 3'5in |
| What are some facts for male puberty? | beings at 11, peaks at 13.5, completes by 17; grows 4in |
| Who produces more testosterone? | males |
| Who produces more estradiol? | females |
| What do hormones impact? | physical growth, psychological development, behavior and moods |
| Precocious Puberty | onset occurring before 8 in girls and 9 in boys; typically suppressed |
| Who is typically less happy and gain weight during puberty? | girls |
| Who is typically more happy and gain muscle mass? | boys |
| What is a trend of early maturing girls? | being shorter, stockier, and less happy |
| U.S. teens mature _____ earlier than European. | a year |
| Corpus Callosum | fibers connecting two hemispheres of brain thickens, improving information processing |
| Prefrontal Cortex | continues to develop until age of 25 |
| Amygdala | seat of emotions mature earlier; emotions are strong but not well controlled |
| How many males and females by senior year had intercourse? | 60% males 50% females |
| How many males and females had intercourse by 9th grade? | 40% males 30% females |
| What are some sexual risk factors? | not emotionally ready, linked to other risky behaviors |
| What are some sexual risk factors for females specifically? | early menarche, early drinking, lack of parental communication |
| U.S. rate is _____ Sweden for pregnancy. | 5 times |
| How many people acquire an STD? | 1/4 |
| What are some issues in adolescent health for nutrition and health? | overweight, decrease in fruit/vegetable, increase in fast food, less active, more time with TV |
| What are some issues in adolescent health for sleep? | later melatonin, high schoolers receive less, tired cranky irritable, try to sleep more on weekend |
| How much later does melatonin kick in for older teens? | an hour |
| What percent of teens get 8 hours of sleep on week nights? | 31% |
| What is the greatest cause of death in adolescents? | accidents (car, pedestrian, 4-wheelers) |
| What are the second and third greatest cause of death in adolescents? | homicides then suicides |
| What are issues with substance abuse in adolescence? | alcohol, smoking decrease, prescription drug increase |
| What are some eating disorders faced in adolescence? | anorexia and bulimia |
| Form of Communication | spoken, written, or signed; based on a system of symbols |
| T/F: infants understand words before they can speak them | true |
| How many words can infants understand at 13 months? | 50 |
| When can babies start speaking several words? | 18 months |
| Receptive Vocabulary | words a child understands |
| Spoken Vocabulary | words a child uses |
| T/F: early vocabulary development predicts later language development | true |
| What are some biological influences for knowledge? | particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language |
| Broca's Area | individuals with damage to Broca's are have difficulty producing speech but can comprehend what others say |
| Wernicke's Area | damage to this area causes poor comprehension and often produce fluent but nonsensical speech |
| What are some environmental influences for knowledge? | language is not learned in a social vacuum |
| What is critical for infants to learn language effectively? | social interaction |
| Can infants and young children effectively learn language from television or videos? | no |
| When should parents start talking to their babies? | from the start |
| What is the language development in toddlers? | transition from saying simple sentences that express a single proposition to saying complex sentences |
| Between 18 months to 6 years, what is the rate children learn a new word? | one new word an hour |
| How many words do children known upon entering first grade? | 14,000 |
| How many words do children know by age 11? | 40,000 |
| Metalinguistic Awareness | knowledge about language, such as knowing what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language |
| What is reading connected with? | listening and writing skills |
| In infancy, what are some reading milestones? | learn gestures and sounds communicate meaning, respond to people, direct attention, understand 50+ words, reach for books, respond to stories by patting pictures |
| In toddlers, what are some reading milestones? | answer questions, name familiar pictures by pointing, pretend to read books, finish some sentences, scribble, know book names, turn pages of book, have a favorite book |
| In early preschool, what are some reading milestones? | explore books independently, listen to longer books, retell stories, sing alphabet, make symbols resembling writing, recognize first letter in name |
| In late preschool, what are some reading milestones? | recognize familiar signs, recognize words that rhyme, name letters of alphabet, recognize letters in names, write names, match letters to sounds, start to understand syllables |
| In kindergarten, what are some reading milestones? | produce rhyming words, match spoken and written words, write letters numbers and words, recognize familiar words, predict stories, understand some definitions, retell main ideas |
| In first and second grade, what are some reading milestones? | read familiar stories, decode words, use context clues, use punctuation, self-correct when making a mistake, show comprehension through drawings |
| In second and third grade, what are some reading milestones? | read longer books, understand paragraphs, correct punctuation, spell words, write notes, understand text humor |
| In fourth through eighth grade, what are some reading milestones? | explore different kinds of texts, read to extract information, understand relationships, identify parts of speech |
| What are some parts of writing development? | follow developmental sequence, emerges from scribbling, copying letters/numbers, invented spelling |
| What are teh stages of early writing development? | scribbling (2-3), mock writing (3-4), writing letters (4-5), writing words (5-6) |
| How many words are added to a kids vocabulary a year? | 3,000 |
| What's the percent of single-parent families in the U.S.? | 23% |
| How many U.S. mothers with a child under 5 are working? | 1/2 |
| How many U.S. mothers with a child 6-17 are working? | 2/3 |
| When did divorce rates increase? | 60s and 70s |
| When did divorce rates start declining? | 80s |
| What percent of children born to married parents in the U.S. will experience their parents' divorce? | 40% |
| Why did the number of same-sex married couples increase? | freedom to marry nationwide |
| What does research show about a child having gay/lesbian parents? | few differences between them and those growing up with heterosexual parents |
| Large and extended families are more common among who? | minority groups |
| Who is more likely to interact with extended family? | latinos |
| Who are single parent families more common among? | African Americans |
| What are some facts about lower SES parents? | more concerned about child conforming to society's expectation, parents have authority, physical punishment, more directive |
| What are some facts about higher SES parents? | more concerned about child's initiative, children are equal participants, less likely to use punishment, less directive |
Created by:
haileyjordan
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