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Sensation and Percep
Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensation | the sense organs' responses to external stimuli and the transmission of these responses to the brain |
| perception | the processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory signals; it results in an internal representation of the stimulus |
| sensory coding | our sensory organs' translations of stimuli's physical properties into neural impulses |
| transduction | a process by which sensory receptors produce neural impulses when they recieve physical or chemical stimulation |
| receptors | specialized neurons in the sense organs |
| qualitiative information | sensory receptors respond to qualitative differences by firing in different combinations |
| quantitative information | sensory receptors respond to quantitative differences by firing at different rates |
| coarse coding | coding in which sensory qualities are coded by only a few different types of receptors |
| psychophysics | examines our psychological experiences of physical stimuli |
| absolute threshold | the minimum intensity of stimulation that must occure before you experience a sensation, or the stimulus intensity detected above chance |
| difference threshold | the just noticeable difference between two stimuli- the minimum amoutn of change required for a person to detect a difference |
| Weber's law | the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is based on a proportion of the original stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of difference |
| threshold | either you experienced the stimuli or you don't |
| signal detection theory (SDT) | a theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a faint stimulus requires a judgment- it is not an all-or-none process |
| hit | if the signal is presented and the observer detects it |
| miss | if the participant fails to detect the signal |
| false alarm | if the participant "detects" a signal that was not presented |
| correct rejection | if the signal is not presented and the observer does not detect it |
| response bias | a participant's tendency to report detecting the signal in an ambiguous trial |
| sensory adaptation | a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation |
| gustation | the sense of taste |
| taste buds | sensory receptors that transduce taste information |
| papillae | a tinny mushroom-shaped structure on the tongue where taste buds are in |
| Umami | savory, yummy |
| supertasters | people who experience especially intense taste sensations, a trait largely determined by genetis |
| olfaction | the sense of smell, which occurs when receptors in the nose respond to chemicals |
| odorants | chemical particles |
| olfactory epithelium | the thin layer of tissue, within the nasal cavity, that is embedded withs mell receptors |
| olfactory bulb | the brain center for smell, located below the frontal lobes |
| haptic sense | the sense of touch |
| tactile stimulation | is created when anything that makes contact with our skin and gives rise to an integrated experience of touch |
| gate control theory of pain | that for us to experience pain, pain receptors, must be activated and a neural "gate" in the spinal cord must allow the signals through to the brain |
| audition | the sense of sound perception |
| sound wave | the pattern of the changes in air pressure through time that results in the percept of a sound |
| amplitude | determines loudness |
| frequency | determines pitch |
| hertz | measurement units of frequency (one over seconds) |
| outer ear | before the eardrum |
| eardrum (tympanic membrane) | a thin membrane, which sound waves vibrate, that marks the beginning of the middle ear |
| middle ear | includes the ossicles, ends at oval window |
| ossicles | three tiny bones commonly called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup |
| oval window | separates middle and inner ear |
| cochlea | a membrane in the inner ear, fluid-filled tube that curls into a snaillike shape |
| inner ear | past the oval window |
| basilar membrane | runs through the cochlea |
| hair cells | vibrations creating pressure waves in the inner ear's fluid bend these which causes neurons on the basilar membrane to fire |
| Hearing Screening Inventory | a test for hearing |
| cornea | the clear outer covering of the eye |
| refraction | light bouncing of an object |
| lens | focuses the light to form an image on the retina |
| retina | the thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball. The retina contains the photoreceptors that transduce light into neural signals |
| pupil | the small opening in the eyes; it lets in light waves |
| iris | the colored muscular circle on the surface of the eye; it changes shape to let in more or less light |
| accommodation | behind the iris, muscles change the shape of the lens- flattening it to focus on distant objects and thickening it to focus on closer objects |
| rods | retinal cells that respond to low levels of illumination and result in black-and-white perception |
| cones | retinal cells that respond to higher levels of illumination and result in color perception |
| photopigments | light-sensitive chemicals within the rods and cones which initiate the transduction of light waves into electrical neural impulses |
| fovea | the center of the retina, where cones are densely packed |
| bipolar, amacrine, and horizontal cells | cells in the retina |
| ganglion cells | the first cells in the visual pathway to generate action potentials |
| optic nerve | a bundle which exits the eye at the back of the retina |
| optic chiams | where half of the axons in the optic nerves cross is projected to the brain's right hemisphere and vice versa |
| primary visual cortex | cortical areas in the occipital lobe at the back of the head |
| receptive field | the region of visual space to which neurons in the primary visual cortex are sensitive |
| lateral inhibition | a visual process in which adjacent photoreceptors tend to inhibit one another |
| hue | consists of the distinctive characteristics that place a particular color i the spectrum: a particular color's greenness or orangeness for example which will depend primarily on the light's dominant wavelength when it reaches the eye |
| bightness | the color's perceived intensity, or luminance, which is determined chiefly by the total amount of light reaching the eye |
| saturation | varies according to the mixture of wavelengths in a stimulus |
| lightness | determined by its brightness relative to its surroundings |
| screening inventory | test for perception of colors |
| subtractive color mixing | a way to produce a given spectral pattern in which the mixture occurs within the stimulus itself and is actually a physical, not psychological, process |
| subtractive primary colors | red, yellow, and blue |
| additive color mixing | a way to produce a given spectral pattern in which different wavelenghts of light are mixed. The percept is determined by the interaction of these wavelength with receptors in the eye and is a psychological process |
| three primaries law of color | almost any color can be created by combining just three wavelenghs |
| additive primary colors | red, green, and blue |
| simultaneous contrast | an optical illusion in which identical stimuli appear different when presented against different backgrounds |
| kinesthetic sense | perception of our limbs in space |
| vestibular sense | perception of balance |
| extrasensory perception | ESP |
| primary sense ares | regions in the brain where information about taste, hearing, smell, and vision are projected |
| primary auditory cortex | in the temporal lobe where auditory neurons in the thalamus travel |
| primary somatosensory cortex | where touch information from the thalamus is projected in the parietal lobe |
| primary visual cortex | in the occipital lobe were vision is sent |
| simple cells | neurons that respond more to lines of particular orientations |
| ventral stream, "what" pathway | pathways that appear to be specialized for perception and recognition of objects |
| dorsal stream, "where" pathway | pathways that seem to be specialized for spatial perception- determining where an object is and relating it to other objects in a scene |
| object agnosia | the inability to recognize objects |
| Gestalt | "shape," "form," and "organized whole" |
| principle of proximity | the closer two figures are to each other, the more likely we are to group them and see them as part of the same object |
| principle of similarity | we tend to group figures according to how closely they resemble each other |
| good continuation | we tend to interpret intersecting lines as continuous |
| occluder | anything that hides a portion of an object or an entire object from view |
| closure | we tend to complete figures even when gaps exist |
| illusory contours | we ten to perceive contours even when they do not exist |
| reversible figure illusion | we have the potential of seeing two different images but an only see one at a time |
| bottom-up processing | a hierarchical model of pattern recognition in which data are relayed from one processing level to the next, always moving to a higher level of processing |
| top-down processing | a hierarchical model of pattern recognition in which information at higher levels of processing an also influence lower, "earlier" levels in the processing hierarchy |
| prosopagnosia | deficits in the ability to recognize face |
| fusiform gyrus | in the right hemisphere which may be specialized for perceiving faces |
| own-sex bias | people are better at recognizing faces of their own sex |
| binocular depth cues | cues of depth perception that arise from the fact that people have two eyes |
| monocular depth cues | cues of depth perception that are available to each eye alone |
| binocular disparity | a cue of depth perception that is caused by the distance between a person's eyes, which provides each eye with a slightly different image |
| occlusion | a near object occludes (blocks) an object that is farther away |
| relative size | far-off objects project a smaller retinal image that closer objects do |
| pictorial depth cues | cues to create a sense of depth |
| familiar size | we know how large familiar objects are, so we can tell how far ways they are by the size of their retinal images |
| linear perspective | parallel lines appear to converge in the distance |
| texture gradient | as uniformly texture surface recedes, its texture continuously becomes denser |
| position relative to horizon | all else being equal, objects below the horizon that appear higher in the visual field are perceived as being farther away. objects above the horizon that appear lower in the visual field are perceived as being farther away |
| Mueller-Lyer illusion | an illusion demonstrating whether people automatically use pictures depth cues or whether they learn how to use them |
| motion parallax | the relative movements of objects that are at various distances from the observer |
| ames boxes | illusion playing with depth cues to create size illusions |
| Ponzo illusion | the illusion of two horizontal lines appear to be different sizes but are the same length |
| horizontal-vertical illusion | the illusion of an object appearing much taller than its is wide, yet its height and width are the same length |
| moon illusion | the illusion of the moon looking larger when it is near the horizon than when it is overhead |
| motion aftereffects, waterfall effect | when you stare at a moving image for a prolonged period of time and look away and the new scene is moving in the opposite directions |
| stroboscopic movement | an illusion when tow or more slightly different images are present in rapid succession seem to be one fluid motion |
| perceptual constancy | people correctly perceive objects as constant in shape, size, color, and lightness, despite raw sensory data that could mislead perception |
Created by:
MarieB
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