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Dev. Psych. Ch. 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is development? | The pattern of change beginning at conception and continuing throughout the lifespan |
| What is child development? | A field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence |
| What does development involve and what is it constructed in? | Development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation and is constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together |
| Does development include decline, and if so, what brings on decline? | Yes, development includes decline and it is brought on by aging and dying |
| What are the 3 domains of development? | 1) Physical 2) Cognitive 3) Emotional/Social |
| What are some aspects of physical development? (5) | - Body size and proportions - Appearance - Functioning of body systems - Perceptual and motor capacities - Physcial health |
| What are the aspects of cognitive development? (1) | Intellectual abilities |
| What are some aspects of emotional/social development? (7) | - Emotional communication - Self-understanding - Knowledge about other people - Interpersonal skills - Friendships - Intimate relationships - Moral reasoning and behavior |
| T or F: The biological processes, cognitive processes, and socioemotional processes of development are all distinct and unrelated to one another. | False, all there is an interconnected relationship between the biological processes, cognitive processes, and socioemotional processes in development |
| What does a developmental period refer to? | A time frame in a person's life characterized by certain features |
| What time frame is the prenatal period? | From conception to birth |
| What time frame is the infancy period? | From birth to 18 or 24 months |
| What time frame is the toddler period? | From 18 months to 3 years of age |
| What time frame is the early childhood period? | From 3 to 5 years of age |
| What time frame is the middle and late childhood period? | From about 6 to 10 or 11 years old |
| What time frame is the adolescence period? | From 10 to 12 years old to 18 to 21 years old |
| What time frame is the emerging adulthood period? | From 18 to 25 years of age |
| What are the 4 types of age? | 1) Chronological age 2) Biological age 3) Psychological age 4) Social age |
| What is chronological age? | The elapsed time from birth |
| What is biological age? | A person's age in terms of biological health |
| What is psychological age? | A person's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age |
| What is social age? | A person's connectedness with others and the adoption of social roles |
| What are the 3 developmental patterns of aging? | 1) Normal aging 2) Pathological aging 3) Successful aging |
| What is normal aging? | Describes most individuals, with psychological functioning peaking early middle age |
| What is pathological aging? | Describes individuals with above average decline as they age, developing a condition leading to mild cognitive impairment or chronic disease that impairs daily functioning |
| What is successful aging? | Describes individuals maintaining positive physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development longer in life |
| What does ACEs stand for? | Adverse childhood experiences |
| Who gave a TED Talk on ACEs? | Dr. Nadine Burke Harris |
| What are the 3 types of ACEs? | Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction |
| What qualifies as abuse when discussing ACEs? (3) | Physical, emotional, or sexual |
| What qualifies as neglect when discussing ACEs? (2) | Physical or emotional |
| What qualifies as household dysfunction when discussing ACEs? (5) | Mental illness, incarcerated relative, parent treated violently, substance abuse, or divorce |
| What percent of the population has had at least 1 ACE? | 67% of the population |
| T or F: The higher the ACE score, the more at risk for negative health effects an individual becomes. | True |
| What anatomical areas can be damaged/affected by ACEs and what are they responsible for? (4) | - Prefrontal cortex --> resp. for thinking -Amygdala --> resp. for fear response -Adrenal gland--> resp. for fight or flight response -HPA --> resp. for stress response |
| What are the 3 basic issues of developmental psychology? | 1) Nature-nurture issue 2) Stability-change issue 3) Continuity-discontinuity issue |
| What is the nature-nurture issue? | the debate whether development is primarily influenced by one's genetics or environment |
| What is the stability-change issue? | The debate about the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change |
| What is the continuity-discontinuity issue? | The debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity), or distinct changes (discontinuity) |
| What was the medieval times view of child development? | Childhood first regarded as separate period of life |
| What was the Reformation view of child development? | View of children as depraved and child rearing as an important obligation |
| What was the Enlightenment view of child development (2 different views)? | View of children as a tabula rasa (blank slate) and development is continuous (Locke); they are noble savages with built-in moral sense and innate plan for growth that is discontinuous in stages |
| What is maturation? | A genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth |
| What did Charles Darwin emphasize regarding child development? | That a child's physiology will be shaped in ways that allow them to survive through natural selection and survival of the fittest |
| What is the normative approach? | Age-related averages of measures of behavior taken on large numbers of individuals are computed to represent typical development |
| What marked the mental testing movement? | When Binet & Simon developed the first successful intelligence test in the early 1900s |
| What are the 4 types of theories on development? | 1) Psychoanalytic theories 2) Cognitive theories 3) Behavioral and social cognitive theories 4) Ethological theories |
| What are psychoanalytic theories? | They describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion; behavior is a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind must be analyzed to understand behavior; emphasizes early experiences with parents |
| What are the stages of Freud's psychosexual theory? (5) | 1) Oral stage 2) Anal stage 3) Phallic stage 4) Latency stage 5) Genital stage |
| What is the oral stage of development? | From birth to 1.5 years --> the infant's interests and abilities centers around sensorimotor skills (ex. putting toys in mouth) |
| What is the anal stage of development? | From 1.5 years to 3 years --> Child's interest in new phsycial skills and cleanliness (ex. toilet training) |
| What is the phallic stage of development? | From 3 to 6 years --> Child's interest and notice social categories (ex. notice gender diffs) |
| What is the latency stage of development? | From 6 years to puberty --> Child's interest develops around social and intellectual skills |
| What is the genital stage of development? | From puberty onward --> A time of sexual interest/exploration/awakening/identification |
| What is Erikson's psychosocial theory state? | States that the primary motivation for behavior is social in nature; personality and developmental change occurs throughout the life span; and both early and later experiences are important |
| What are the 8 stages of Erickson's psychosocial theory? | 1)Trust v. mistrust 2) Autonomy v. shame and doubt 3) Initiative v. guilt 4) Industry v. inferiority 5) Identity v. identity confusion 6) Intamacy v. isolation 7) Generativity v. stagnation 8) Integrity v. despair |
| What is the age range and theme of the trust v. mistrust stage? | -First year of infancy -Theme: Reliance on others |
| What is the age range and theme of the autonomy v. shame and doubt stage? | - 1 to 3 years - Theme: Independence |
| What is the age range and theme of the initiative v. guilt stage? | -3 to 6 years -Theme: Self-expression |
| What is the age range and theme of the industry v. inferiority stage? | - 6 years to puberty - Theme: Work Ethic |
| What is the age range and theme of the identity v. identity confusion stage? | -puberty to 20 years -Theme: Sense of self |
| What is the age range and theme of the intamacy v. isolation stage? | - 20 to 30 -Theme: Close Relationships |
| What is the age range and theme of the generativity v. stagnation stage? | -31 to 65 -Care for younger generation |
| What is the age range and theme of the integrity v. despair stage? | -65 years + -Theme: Morality and Acceptance |
| What is Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory? | Children go through 4 stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world |
| What 2 processes underlie Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory? | Organization and adaptation |
| T or F: How much a child knows -- not how much the child thinks -- determines the child's stage of cognitve development. | False, it is how much a child thinks -- not how much a child knows -- that determines the child's stage of cognitive development |
| What are the 4 stages of Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory and their age ranges? | 1) Sensorimotor --> birth to 2 years 2) Preoperational --> 2 to 7 years 3) Concrete operational --> 7 to 11 years 4) Formal operational --> 11 years through adulthood |
| What is a criticism of Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory? | Not being able to account for individual variations |
| What do behavioral and social cognitive theories state? | They state that development can be described in terms of behaviors learned through interactions with our surroundings |
| What is Skinner's operant conditioning? | That development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes brought about by rewards and punishments |
| What is Bandura's social cognitive theory? | It emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development (these factors are reciprocal) |
| What are the criticisms of behavioral and social cognitive theories? | They do not attend to the developmental norms that are commonly addressed... they lack a description of developmental group milestones |
| What is Ethological theory? | It stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by experiences during critical or sensitive periods |
| What did Lorenze study and with what animal? | Lorenz studied imprinting behavior by reseraching geese |
| What is a critical period? | a certain, very early point at which imprinting must take place |
| What did ethological researcher John Bowlby believe? | That attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences |
| What is a sensitive period? | The time attachment should optimally occur |
| What are the criticisms of ethological development theories? | There is too much focus on biology, not enough on our environment (too much nature > nurture) |
| What is Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory? | Development reflects the influence of 5 environmental systems |
| What are the 5 environmental systems of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory? | 1) Microsystem 2) Mesosystem 3) Exosystem 4) Macrosystem 5) Chronosystem |
| What is the microsystem? | The setting in which the individual lives and helps to construct |
| What is the mesosystem? | The relations between microsystems or connections between contexts (ex. immeidate family, school, playground) |
| What is the exosystem? | The links between a social setting in which the individual has a passive role and their immeidate context (ex. extended family, workplace, friends & neighbors, community health services) |
| What is the macrosystem? | The culture in which individuals live (ex. laws, values, customs) |
| What is the chronosystem? | The patterning of the envrionmental events and transitions over the life course |
| What are the criticisms of ecological developmental theories? | Too much focus on environment, not enough on biological aspect (too much nurture > nature) |
| What is an eclectic theoretical orientation? | Does not follow any one theoretical approach, rather it selects from each theory whatever is considered its best features... allows for seeing the study of development as it actually is |
| What is a hypothesis? | a prediction drawn directly from a theory |
| What are research methods? | The specific activities of participants, such as taking tests, answering questionnaries, responding to interviews, and being observed |
| What are research designs? | The overall plans for research studies that permit the best possible test of the hypothesis |
| What is laboratory observation? | A controlled setting where many of the compex factors of the "real world" are absent |
| What is naturalistic observation? | Observing behavior in real-world settings, making no effort to manipulate or control the situation |
| What is typically more effective laboratory or naturalistic observation? | Usually laboratory observation is more effective because one can control for more factors |
| What is a survey? | A standard set of clear and unbiased questions used to obtain people's reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic; sometimes referred to a questionnaire |
| What is an interview? | Individuals are directly asked to self-report verbally |
| What is a standardized test? | A test administered and scored utilizing uniform procedures to compare performance across individuals |
| What is a case study? | An in-depth look ar a single individual (could include physiological measures, neuroimaging or fMRI, Electroencephalography (EEG), heart rate, eye tracking, or gene testing) |
| What are the 3 types of research designs? | 1) Descriptive research 2) Correlational research 3) Experiements |
| What is descriptive research? | A research method designed to observe and record behavior |
| What is correlational research? | Attempts to determine the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics |
| T or F: Correlation implies causation | False |
| What is an experiment? | A carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant |
| What is the cross-sectional research approach? | A research strategy that compares individuals of different ages simultaneously |
| What is the longitudinal research approach? | A research strategy where the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years of more |
| What are cohort effects? | Characteristics determined by a person's time of birth, era, or generation rather than the person's actual age, thus making it difficult to compare children of the same age developing in different generations |
| What are the 4 issues regarding ethical research by the APA? | 1) Informed consent 2) Confidentiality 3) Debriefing 4) Deception |
| What is informed consent? | Participants must know what their participation will involve and must be able to withdraw at will |
| What is confidentiality? | Data must be kept confidential and, when possible, anonymous |
| What is debriefing? | After the study, participants should be informed of its purpose and methods |
| What is deception? | When necessary, deception may be used, but the psychologist must ensure it will not harm the participants and the that participants will be debriefed |
| T or F: Human life begins as a single cell | True |
| Where are the chromosomes located? | In the nucleus of each cell |
| What are chromosomes? | Threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid |
| What is DNA? | A complex double-helix molecule that contains genetic code or information |
| What are genes and what are their roles? | Units of hereditary information composed of DNA that help cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life |
| How many chromosomes are in each cell? | 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs |
| How many chromosomes are in sex cells (sperm and eggs)? | 23 chromosomes |
| What is mitosis? | The cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself into 2 new cells |
| Does each daughter cell after mitosis have the same DNA as the original cell? | Yes |
| What is meosis? | Cell division forming eggs and sperm (gametes) |
| What is fertilization? | The reproductive stage when egg and sperm fuse to create a zygote |
| What is a zygote? | A single cell, formed through fertilization, in which 23 unpaired chromosomes from the egg and 23 unpaired chromosomes from the sperm combine |
| What is a genotype? | A person's genetic material |
| What is a phenotype? | How an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable physical and psychological characteristics |
| Can a genetic potential for a certain trait be influenced by external factors? | Yes expression of genetic traits vam be influenced by environmental factors (ex. a genetic potential for height may be stunted by lack of access to proper nutrition) |
| What is a mutated gene? | A permanently altered segment of DNA |
| What are susceptibilty genes? | Genes that make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging |
| What are longevity genes? | Genes that make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age |
| What is X-linked inheritance? | When a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome, males are more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match |
| What is down syndrome (chromosomal abnormality)? | When an extra chromosome 21 causes mild to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities |
| Does the male or female determine the gender of the offspring? | The male because they could give either an X or Y chromosome, whereas females will only give up X chromosomes |
| What is cystic fibrosis? | Glandular disfunction that interferes with mucus production; breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in a shortened lifespan |
| What is diabetes? | Body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar |
| What is sickle-cell anemia? | Blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen suppply; it can cause joint swelling, as well as heart and kidney failure |
| What is Tay-Sachs disease? | Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system that is carried often by American Jews |
| What is genetic testing/counseling? | A communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a heriditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals |
| What is behavior genetics? | It seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits, development, and behavior |
| What is the heredity-environment view of behavior genetics? | That genetic background influences behavior, giving way to envrionmental risks |
| What is the Epigenetic view of behavior genetics? | Development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment (they influence each other) |
| What is Twin Study? | The behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins |
| What is adoption study? | Seeks to discover whether behavioral and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like those of their adopted parents of biological parents (nature-nurture issue) |
| What are the 2 grounds in which child-oriented public policies are justified? | 1) Children are the future 2) Children have basic rights as human beings |
| What are 2 U.S initiatives for the well-being of children? | 1) Children's Defense Fund (CDF) 2) National Center for Children in Poverty |
| T or F: The United Nations Convention od the Rights of the Child has been ratified by U.S. legislature. | False, it has not been ratified by U.S. legislature as opponents argue it shifts burden of child rearing from family to state |
| What are the criticisms of genetic testing? | It is invasive (can increase the risk of miscarriage) and once the info is found it could incur some heavy decisions |
| Is there a best time during adulthood to have a child? | No, however delaying parenthood until after 35 increases risk of having a baby with a chromosomal disorder, and overall, reproductive capacity declines with age for both women and men and success of reproductive technologies also declines with age |
| What are the 3 prenatal periods and what is their time range during the pregnancy? | 1) Germinal period --> first 2 weeks 2) Embryotic period --> 3-8 weeks 3) Fetal period --> 9 weeks to birth |
| What is the importance of the 12 week mark in pregnancy? | It marks the end of the first trimester as many important milestones have been reached and the offspring is now called a fetus. Also, miscarriage is much more likely prior to this time mark |
| What are some prenatal tests? (6) | - Ultrasound sonography - Chorionic villus sampling - Amniocentesis - Maternal blood screening and cell-free DNA - Noninvasice prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) - Fetal sex determination |
| Infertitlity | The inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception |
| In vitro fertilization (IVF) | A process in which eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish by experts, and one or more of the resulting zygotes are transferred into the woman's uterus |
| Teratogen | Any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral developmental outcomes |
| What does the severity of damage and type of defect caused by a teratogen depend on? (3) | 1) Dose (Amount) 2) Genetic susceptibility 3) Time of exposure |
| What are the negative effects associated with exposure to teratogens during the fetal period? (3) | Stunted growth, fetal brain development problems, and organ functioning problems |
| What are some teratogens? (6) | - Drugs (prescription, nonprescription, illegal) - Tobacco - Alcohol - Radiation - Environmental pollution - Infectious disease |
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) | a cluster of abnormalities that appear in the offspring of some mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy |
| What are the effects of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)? | Facial deformities, limb and heart defects, learning problems, and many other issues |
| What are some other parental factors that could be considered hazards to prenatal development (other than teratogens)? (3) | - Maternal diet and nutrition - Maternal age - Emotional states and stress |
| What are some paternal (father) factors that could be hazardous to prenatal development? (3) | - Sperm abnormalities (from lead or radiation exposure) - Smoking during the mother's pregnancy - Relationship with mother |
| Nurse-Family Partnership | A voluntary home visiting program for first-time, low-income mothers that shows many benefits in both child development and mothers health and well-being |
| What are some techniques for reducing pain and medical intervention in the child birth process? (3) | 1) Classes to learn about the birth process 2) Relaxation and breathing technique 3) A labor coach: friend, relative, or trained doula |
| T or F: Mothers often give birth in an upright, sitting position. | True |
| What is a water birth? | A birthing process that take place in a water-filled tub that is associated with reduced maternal stress |
| Where do most United States births take place? | In hospitals (98.5%; outside of hospitals 1.5%, 63% of which are at home and 31% at birthing centers) |
| What are midwives? | Those that provide health care to women during pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period |
| What is a duola? | A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth |
| How many stages of childbirth are there? | 3 |
| What are the stages of childbirth? | Stage 1: dilation and effacement of the cervix, culminating in transition Stage 2: delivery of the baby Stage 3: birth of the placenta |
| What are the kinds of labor and delivery medication administered to mothers? (3) | - Analgesics--> drugs used to relieve pain - Anesthetics--> stronger type of painkiller that blocks sensation - Epidural analgesic--> enables mother to push during second stage of labor, but weakens uterine contractions |
| Is there risk involved to the use of drugs during childbirth? | Yes, the risk to newborns supports the current trend to reduce drug use during childbirth |
| What is cesarean delivery? | The surgical delivery of a baby through an incision made in the mother's abdomen and uterus. |
| When is a cesarean delivery warranted? (4) | By medical emergencies such as Rh incompatibility, premature separation of placenta from uterus, maternal illness or infection, or baby in breech |
| What is the APGAR scale? | A method for assessing the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth |
| What factors are tested with the APGAR scale? (5) | - Infant's heart rate - Respiratory effort - Muscle tone - Body color - Reflex irritability |
| What are low APGAR scores asscoiated with? | Long-term educational support, ADHD, and developmental risks |
| What qualifies as a low birth weight infant? | Weigh less than 5lbs 8oz |
| What qualifies as a very low birth weight infant? | Weigh less than 3lbs 4oz |
| What qualifies as an extremely low birth weight infant? | Weigh less than 2lbs 3oz |
| What is a preterm infant? | Born before the full term is completed--35 or fewer weeks after conception |
| What is a small for date infant (small for gestational age infant)? | Infants with birth weights below normal considering the length of pregnancy |
| What are the interventions for preterm infants? (5) | 1) temperature-controlled isolette 2) feeding tube, respirator, intravenous medication 3) special infant stimulation 4) kangaroo care 5) training parents in infant caregiving skills |
| What are interventions that take place for preterm infants in stressed econimcally disadvantaged hosueholds? (3) | 1) medical follow-up 2) weekly home visits 3) cognitively stimulating child care from 1 to 3 years of age |
| What are 2 factors responsible for neonatal mortality rates? | 1) serious physical defects, most of which cannot be prevented 2) low birth weight, which is largely preventable |
| What are some vital societal interventions for new parents to care for their prenatal/neonatal? (3) | 1) good nutrition 2) high quality medical care 3) paid, job-protected employment leave |
| What is bonding? | the formation of a connection, especially a physical bond between parents and their newborn shortly after birth |
| What is rooming-in arrangement? | the baby remains in the mother's room most of the time during its hospital stay |
| What is the postpartum period? | The period after childbirth that lasts until the mother's body has completed its adjustment and has returned to a nearly prepregnant state |
| What adjustments are needed during the postpartum period? (3) | - phsycial - emotional - psychological |
| What are postpartum blues? | Symptoms of depression that appear 2-3 days after delivery and usually subside within 1-2 weeks |
| What is postpartum depression? | Symptoms of depression that linger for weeks or months after childbirth and interfere with daily functioning |
| T or F: More people do not experience a form of postpartum blues/depression. | False, only 20% of mother don't... 70% get the blues, and 10% get depression |
| What is a reflex? | An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation |
| What types of reflexes are present in newborns? (9) | eye blink, rooting, sucking, swimming, moro, palmar grasp, tonic neck, stepping, babinski |
| What is a birth team? | A group of selected people that assist and support an expectant parent during labor and delivery, including an obstetrician, midwife, nurse, birthing partner, doula, etc. |
| What are states of arousal? | degrees of sleep and wakefulness |
| What are the 5 states of infant states of arousal? | 1) rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep 2) Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep 3) Drowsiness 4) Quiet alertness 5) Waking activity and crying |
| What is the usual cause of infant crying? | Due to phsyical needs |
| T or F: If the many methods in order to soothe a crying baby do not work, it is okay to just let the baby cry briefly. | True |
| What is SIDS? | Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing and die without any apparent reason |
| When is the risk of SIDS the highest? | At 2-4 months of age |
| How can parents decrease the likelihood of SIDS? | By placing the infant on their back to sleep |
| What 2 factors best predict SIDS? | 1) maternal smoking 2) sleeping arrangements |
| What are the benefits of breastfeeding for the child? (6) | - Appropriate weight gain - Reduced risk of SIDS - Fewer gastrointestinal & respiratory tract infections - Maturation of the infant's immune system - Reduced risk of fever & hospitalization - Numerous health benefits - Potential effect on intelect |
| What are the maternal benefits of breastfeeding? (3) | - Reduced rates of breast cancer and ovarian cancer - Reduced rate of type 2 diabetes - Reduced rates of hosptialization for cardiovascular probs and diabetes |
| When should the mother not breastfeed? (3) | 1) When infected with AIDS or other infectious diseases that could be transferred through her milk 2) If she has active tuberculosis 3) If she is taking a drug that may not be safe for the infant |
| T or F: Evidence of psychological differences between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants is inconclusive, and most studies showing the health benefits of breast feeding are correlation (show no causation). | True |
| What is the vision preference method? | Measures the length of time infants attend to different stimuli |
| What is habituation? | Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations |
| What is dishabituation? | Recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation |
| What is eye tracking? | Measuring eye movements that follow a moving object |
| When can infants begin hearing sounds in the mother's womb? | During the last 2 months of pregnancy |
| What do infants begin to have the ability to pereceive in regards to hearing? (3) | - Pitch - Loudness - Localization |
| T or F: newborns respond to touch. | True |
| T or F: Newborns cannot feel pain | False, they can! |
| Can newborns differentiate amongst odors? | Yes |
| Is sensitivity ti taste present in infants before birth? | Yes |
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ndimarco31
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