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Unit 9
Social Psych
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| attribution theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition |
| fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing others behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
| attitude | feelings, often influences by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
| peripheral route persuasion | occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness |
| central route persuasion | occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
| role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave |
| cognitive dissonance | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when 2 of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. Ex. when we become aware that are attitudes and actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes |
| norms | understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. these prescribe "proper" behavior |
| conformity | adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
| normative social influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
| information social influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality |
| social facilitation | improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
| deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
| group polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
| group-think | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
| culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| prejudice | an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitudes towards a group and its members. these generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action |
| stereotype | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often over generalized) belief about a group of people |
| discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members |
| just-world-phenomenon | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| in-group | "us" people with whom we share a common identity |
| out-group | "them" those perceived as different or apart from our in-group |
| scapegoat theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
| other-race effect | the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. also known as the cross-range effect and the own-race-bias |
| aggression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally |
| frustration aggression principle | the principle that frustration the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal creates anger, which can generate aggression |
| social script | a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations |
| mere exposure effect | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases the likes of them |
| passionate love | an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship |
| companionate love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
| equity | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
| self-disclosure | the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others |
| altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
| social exchange theory | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
| reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
| social-responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those needing their help |
| conflict | a preceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
| social trap | a situation in which the conflicting parties by each pursing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
| self fulfilling prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
| superordinate goals | shared goals that overrides differences among people and require their cooperation |
| GRIT | graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction a strategy designed to decrease international tensions |
| social loafing | giving less effort when working in a group rather than when working alone |
| in-group bias | favoring of one’s own group |
| mirror-image perceptions | mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side see's views the other side as evil and aggressive |
| bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give id if other bystanders are present |
| proximity effect | being in the same place at the same time is the best predictor of whether people will get together |
| similarity | We tend to like other people who are in general similar in education, age, race, religion, height, level of intelligence & socioeconomic status |
| triangular theory of love | Robert Sternberg’s theory of love that has three basic components intimacy, passion, and commitment which can be combined to produce 8 sub-types intimacy: liking commitment: empty love passion: infatuation |
| chameleon effect | the tendency to unconsciously mimic others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling |
| Asch experiment | Conformity experiment Participants shown lines They have to say which line is longest Confederates lie (3rd round) Observe whether participants change/are influenced by confederates 1/3 of people conformed |
| Stanley Milgram | Obedience experiment shock study 65% of people went until the person would've died |
| Zimbardo | Role experiment Prison Study |
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Addi678
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