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PHT301 WK 2

Endocrine system

QuestionAnswer
Parathyroid.What is the main purpose of this organ? Regulates blood calcium levels
What hormones are secreted from this organ? PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
What is the function of each hormone and when are they released? PTH promotes calcium movement from bones to bloodstream & mobilizes when serum calcium levels becom too low. Calcitonin causes calcium to leave bloodstream & deposit in bones antagonizes (counters) effect of PTH when serum calicum levels become too high.
Define hypocalcemia Low serum calcium
Define hypercalcemia High serum calcium
Define bone deposition Bone formation
Define bone resorption Bone breakdown
Define hyperparathyroidism Condition where there is an increase of PTH secreted into bloodstream. Includes release of calcium causing increase in serum calcium levels. Leads to bone weakening & possibility of fractures
**Define osteoporosis Reduced bone mineral density; porous "holey" bones
Name some possible tx for osteoporosis Biphosphonates, HRT, calcium supplementation and exercise
What are some sx of hypocalemia Muscle weakness, lethargy, nausea & vomiting, increased secretion of gastric acid, headaches, arrythmias
Pancreas:What is the main purpose of this organ? Regulates (blood sugar level) protein, fat & carbohydrate metabolism
What hormones are secreted from this organ? Insulin & Glucagon
What is the function of each hormone and when are they released? Insulin (beta cells) breaks down blood sugar & is released constantly. Inc in glucose, Inc in insulin. Glugacon (alpha cells) Inc glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown when glucose levels decrease (hyperglycemia)
From what type of cells are each hormone produced Insulin from Beta cell; Glucagon from Alpha cell
Define hyperglycemia Increase in glucose levels
Define hypoglycemia Decrease in blood glucose levels
What is Type I Diabetes? IDDM (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)
What is type II Diabetes? NIDDM (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)
**What are some sx of diabetes? Unusual weight loss, irritability, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, lack of energy, more frequent infections, glucosuria, neuropathy
Define glycosuria Increase in urine glugose
Define polyuria frequent urination
Define polydipsia excessive thirst
Define polyphagia excessive eating
Define neuropathy Nerve disease - numbness of hands and feet
What is ketoacidosis? Inc ketones in blood causing metabolic acidosis which inc loss of electrolytes producing CNS depression resulting in coma and death
Which type of diabetes pt is more prone to developing ketoacidosis? Type I - IDDM
What conditions affecting blood sugars would a pregnant woman develop? Gestational Diabetes
What is the blood glucose level of a normal person? low to mid 100's
What are some long term complications of poorly controlled diabetes? Kidney failure, blindness, nerve damage, pain in limbs, GI complications, impotence, vessel damage
What type of diabetes is considered to be insulin dependent? Type I IDDM
What medications are used for Type II diabetes? Oral hypoglycemics and insulin (as a last resort)
What insulin(s) are rapid acting? Humalog (lispro, Apidra (glulisine), Novolog (aspart)
What hormone can inhibit the release of insulin and glucagon? Somatastatin (delta cells)
What hormone released by the adrenal cortex can increase blood sugar? Cortisol
Oral hypoglycemia drugs: Would they be helpful for a pt with type I diabetes? Why or why not? Not helpful as type I is insulin dependent (total lack of insulin production & secretion requires insulin for treatment. Also, drugs only approved for type II and used for pts who do not respond to diet, wt reduction & exercise
**What type of insulin can be used to prepare the following IV drip and how much would be required? Insulin 75 units, Sodium Chloride 75 ml 0.75 ml (based on 100u/ml)
Created by: lk32381
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