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In humans, body weight is determined by which of the following?
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Choose all the peptides that are involved in short-term regulation of appetite.
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Unit 4 Chapter 26

Smartbook-Nutrition and Metabolism

QuestionAnswer
In humans, body weight is determined by which of the following? Heredity and environmental influences
Choose all the peptides that are involved in short-term regulation of appetite. Ghrelin Cholecystokinin Peptide YY Amylin
Which nickname best describes the role of ghrelin in appetite regulation? The hunger hormone
CCK is produced by the Blank______. small intestine
Insulin and _______ work as "adiposity signals," informing the brain of how much adipose tissue the body has and activating mechanisms for adding or reducing fat. Leptin
About how much of the variation in human weight is due to hereditary? 30% to 50%
True or False: Insulin has an effect on appetite. True
Where is amylin made? Pancreas
How many calories are in one kilocalorie (kcal)? 1,000
Ghrelin is secreted by the Blank______. stomach
Any ingested chemical that is absorbed into tissues and used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body is a(n) _______. Nutrient
Ghrelin Produces the sensation of hunger and stimulates the hypothalamus to release growth hormone releasing hormone
Peptide YY Signals satiety and terminates eating; prevents the stomach from emptying too quickly
Cholecystokinin (CCK) Stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes; suppresses appetite
Choose all that function in long term appetite regulation. Insulin Leptin
Which nutrient class includes sugars and glycogen? Carbohydrates
Which hormone is secreted by the pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated serum glucose levels, serves as an index of the body's fat stores, and has a small effect on appetite? Insulin
What is the major function of carbohydrates in the body? Cellular fuel
One thousand calories is called a Calorie (capital C) in dietetics and a Blank______ in biochemistry. kilocalorie
Which are considered complex carbohydrates? polysaccharides
Which term is defined as any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body? Nutrient
What is the RDA for carbohydrates? 125-175 g
Most dietary carbohydrates come from which of the following? Plant-based foods
Choose all that are examples of carbohydrates. Glucose Glycogen Sucrose
Some cells such as Blank______ depend almost exclusively on carbohydrates for their energy needs. neurons and erythrocytes
Which are types of dietary fiber? Pectin and cellulose
What are the three principle forms of dietary carbohydrates? Polysaccharides Monosaccharides Disaccharides
Which macromolecule consists of glycerol and fatty acids? Triglyceride
Because the class of nutrients called Blank______ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient. carbohydrates
Which class of macronutrients provide the most energy per gram? Fat
Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source. Sucrose Refined from sugarcane and sugar beets
Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source. Fructose Fruits
Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source. Maltose Germinating cereal grains
Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source. Lactose Cow's milk
Choose all the vitamins that are fat-soluble. A D E K
Glucose is a Blank______. carbohydrate
Cholesterol is a major structural component of Blank______. plasma membranes
Dietary fibers of plant and animal origin resist what? Digestion
Fat should account for no more than how much of your daily caloric intake? 35%
Choose all that are lipids. Cholesterol Triglycerides Phospholipids
Why is fat superior to carbohydrates for energy storage? Fat contains more energy per gram.
Choose all that are often considered essential fatty acids. Linolenic acid Arachidonic acid Linoleic acid
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are Blank______-soluble vitamins. fat
The type of fat that is found predominately in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils is called Blank______ fat, based on the double bonds found in the carbon chains of the fatty acids. unsaturated
_______ fats contain fatty acids that lack double bonds. An unsaturated fat is one in which there are one or more double bonds in the carbon chain. Saturated
Which is a major structural component of plasma membranes, and is also a precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D? Cholesterol
Choose all the statements about dietary fat that are true. People who ingest less than 20 g of fat per day are at risk of vitamin deficiency. A well-nourished adult meets 80% to 90% of his or her resting energy needs from fat. Fat should account for no more than 35% of one's daily caloric intake.
Which macromolecule consists of glycerol and fatty acids? Triglyceride
Which term refers to fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet? Essential fatty acids
Lipoproteins are small droplets with a core of ______ and triglycerides and a coating of phospholipids and apolipoprotein. Cholesterol
True or False: Saturated fats are exclusively of animal origin. False Although predominantly of animal origin, saturated fats are also found in some plant products such as coconut and palm oils.
A chylomicron is a type of what? Lipoprotein
Cholesterol is a major structural component of Blank______. plasma membranes
Chylomicrons are a type of Blank______. lipoprotein
A typical American obtains what percentage of their calories from fat? 30% to 50%
The enzyme that chylomicron triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids is lipoprotein _______. Lipase
Choose all that are lipids. Triglycerides Phospholipids Cholesterol
Which constitutes about 12 to 15 percent of the body's mass? Protein
Choose all that are components of lipoproteins. Cholesterol Proteins Triglycerides
Which is a type of lipoprotein? Chylomicrons
Proteins that lack one or more essential amino acids are said to be what? Incomplete
What are chylomicrons? Lipoproteins that carry dietary fats from intestines to body cells
Complete proteins provide all of what needed for tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance? Essential amino acids
Which enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides contained in lipoproteins? Lipoprotein lipase
Which mineral is involved in forming bone salts as well as having a role in nervous and muscle function? calcium
Which type of macromolecule includes membrane receptors, pumps, ion channels, and cell-identity markers? Proteins
Sodium is an example of which of the following? Mineral
Choose all the roles that the protein and phospholipid coating of a lipoprotein serve. Enables lipid droplets to remain suspended in the blood Forms a recognition marker for cells
Choose all that are examples of trace minerals. Iodine Copper Zinc
Which is an example of an incomplete protein? Legumes Most animal protein Lean hamburger Legumes
What are the three major pathways by which glucose is catabolized in the human body? Anaerobic fermentation Aerobic respiration Glycolysis
Proteins are classified as __________ proteins if they provide all the essential amino acids for human tissue growth, maintenance and nitrogen balance. Complete
In phosphorylation, what is the name of the enzyme that transfers an inorganic phosphate from ATP to glucose? Hexokinase
Which mineral is a key structural component of phospholipids and ATP? Phosphorus
Unlike aerobic respiration, anaerobic fermentation may occur under which of the following conditions? When no oxygen is available
Choose all that are biologically important minerals. Phosphorus Sodium Calcium
In the presence of oxygen, _________ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration. pyruvate
For which group of minerals is the RDA 15 mg or less? Trace minerals
How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose? 32 moles
The splitting of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate is called what? Glycolysis
Which term refers to the synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose? Glycogenesis
The process called ______ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule. Phosphorylation
The specific term for the catabolism (breakdown) of fat (lipids) for fuel is Blank______. lipolysis
In the absence of oxygen, small amounts of ATP may be produced via an anaerobic process called Blank______. fermentation
The term ______ refers to the synthesis of fats. Lipogenesis
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters what to become oxidized by aerobic respiration? Mitochondria
The process of ________ is the addition of an amino group to a molecule. Amination
In aerobic respiration, how many NADH molecules are produced for each glucose molecule? 10
Choose all that are directly involved in the process of protein synthesis. Ribosomes DNA tRNA mRNA
What is glycogenesis? The production of glycogen
During which state are nutrients being absorbed and may be used immediately for energy? Absorptive state
What is lipolysis? Breakdown of triglycerides
Choose all that are effects of insulin. Stimulates glycogenesis Stimulates glucose oxidation Inhibits gluconeogenesis
What is lipogenesis? Producing fats from other types of molecules
During the Blank______ state, energy may be provided by mechanisms such as the breakdown of stored glycogen, oxidation of ketone bodies, and conversion of glycerol into glucose. postabsorptive
______ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another. Transamination
A person's basal metabolic rate (BMR) is his or her metabolic rate during which three situations? At a comfortable temperature In a post absorptive state Relaxed
Protein synthesis requires all the acids needed to make a particular protein. Amino
What is hypothermia? Low body temperature
When does the absorptive state occur? For several hours during and after a meal
The temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is called the _________ temperature of the body. core
Insulin Blank______ gluconeogenesis. inhibits
It is critical that the postabsorptive state maintains blood glucose levels because the Blank______ cannot use alternative an energy source except in cases of prolonged fasting. brain
Choose all of the following which produce body heat? Nutrient oxidation Muscle contraction ATP use
What is metabolic rate? Amount of energy released in body per unit time
The _________ of the brain controls body temperature by initiating heat-conserving or heat-loss mechanisms. Hypothalamus
Hypothermia Blank______ metabolic rate. slows down
Which is most likely to be fatal? Heavy sweating Heat cramps Heat exhaustion Heatstroke Heatstroke
The temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is known as which of the following? Core temperature
The hormone ________ functions to increase cellular absorption of glucose, stimulate glycogenesis, and inhibit gluconeogenesis in response to an elevated blood glucose level. insulin
Which produces most of your body heat? Muscle contraction Exergonic chemical reactions Blood flow Joint friction Exergonic chemical reactions
Peripheral thermoreceptors are mainly located where? skin
The painful muscle spasms that result from excessive electrolyte loss in the sweat after running a mile and not drinking water would be described as which of the following? Heat cramps
At rest how much do skeletal muscles contribute to total body heat? 20% to 30%
Created by: Gluis5974
 

 



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