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Unit 4 Chapter 26
Smartbook-Nutrition and Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In humans, body weight is determined by which of the following? | Heredity and environmental influences |
| Choose all the peptides that are involved in short-term regulation of appetite. | Ghrelin Cholecystokinin Peptide YY Amylin |
| Which nickname best describes the role of ghrelin in appetite regulation? | The hunger hormone |
| CCK is produced by the Blank______. | small intestine |
| Insulin and _______ work as "adiposity signals," informing the brain of how much adipose tissue the body has and activating mechanisms for adding or reducing fat. | Leptin |
| About how much of the variation in human weight is due to hereditary? | 30% to 50% |
| True or False: Insulin has an effect on appetite. | True |
| Where is amylin made? | Pancreas |
| How many calories are in one kilocalorie (kcal)? | 1,000 |
| Ghrelin is secreted by the Blank______. | stomach |
| Any ingested chemical that is absorbed into tissues and used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body is a(n) _______. | Nutrient |
| Ghrelin | Produces the sensation of hunger and stimulates the hypothalamus to release growth hormone releasing hormone |
| Peptide YY | Signals satiety and terminates eating; prevents the stomach from emptying too quickly |
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) | Stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes; suppresses appetite |
| Choose all that function in long term appetite regulation. | Insulin Leptin |
| Which nutrient class includes sugars and glycogen? | Carbohydrates |
| Which hormone is secreted by the pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated serum glucose levels, serves as an index of the body's fat stores, and has a small effect on appetite? | Insulin |
| What is the major function of carbohydrates in the body? | Cellular fuel |
| One thousand calories is called a Calorie (capital C) in dietetics and a Blank______ in biochemistry. | kilocalorie |
| Which are considered complex carbohydrates? | polysaccharides |
| Which term is defined as any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body? | Nutrient |
| What is the RDA for carbohydrates? | 125-175 g |
| Most dietary carbohydrates come from which of the following? | Plant-based foods |
| Choose all that are examples of carbohydrates. | Glucose Glycogen Sucrose |
| Some cells such as Blank______ depend almost exclusively on carbohydrates for their energy needs. | neurons and erythrocytes |
| Which are types of dietary fiber? | Pectin and cellulose |
| What are the three principle forms of dietary carbohydrates? | Polysaccharides Monosaccharides Disaccharides |
| Which macromolecule consists of glycerol and fatty acids? | Triglyceride |
| Because the class of nutrients called Blank______ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient. | carbohydrates |
| Which class of macronutrients provide the most energy per gram? | Fat |
| Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source. Sucrose | Refined from sugarcane and sugar beets |
| Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source. Fructose | Fruits |
| Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source. Maltose | Germinating cereal grains |
| Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source. Lactose | Cow's milk |
| Choose all the vitamins that are fat-soluble. | A D E K |
| Glucose is a Blank______. | carbohydrate |
| Cholesterol is a major structural component of Blank______. | plasma membranes |
| Dietary fibers of plant and animal origin resist what? | Digestion |
| Fat should account for no more than how much of your daily caloric intake? | 35% |
| Choose all that are lipids. | Cholesterol Triglycerides Phospholipids |
| Why is fat superior to carbohydrates for energy storage? | Fat contains more energy per gram. |
| Choose all that are often considered essential fatty acids. | Linolenic acid Arachidonic acid Linoleic acid |
| Vitamins A, D, E, and K are Blank______-soluble vitamins. | fat |
| The type of fat that is found predominately in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils is called Blank______ fat, based on the double bonds found in the carbon chains of the fatty acids. | unsaturated |
| _______ fats contain fatty acids that lack double bonds. An unsaturated fat is one in which there are one or more double bonds in the carbon chain. | Saturated |
| Which is a major structural component of plasma membranes, and is also a precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D? | Cholesterol |
| Choose all the statements about dietary fat that are true. | People who ingest less than 20 g of fat per day are at risk of vitamin deficiency. A well-nourished adult meets 80% to 90% of his or her resting energy needs from fat. Fat should account for no more than 35% of one's daily caloric intake. |
| Which macromolecule consists of glycerol and fatty acids? | Triglyceride |
| Which term refers to fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet? | Essential fatty acids |
| Lipoproteins are small droplets with a core of ______ and triglycerides and a coating of phospholipids and apolipoprotein. | Cholesterol |
| True or False: Saturated fats are exclusively of animal origin. | False Although predominantly of animal origin, saturated fats are also found in some plant products such as coconut and palm oils. |
| A chylomicron is a type of what? | Lipoprotein |
| Cholesterol is a major structural component of Blank______. | plasma membranes |
| Chylomicrons are a type of Blank______. | lipoprotein |
| A typical American obtains what percentage of their calories from fat? | 30% to 50% |
| The enzyme that chylomicron triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids is lipoprotein _______. | Lipase |
| Choose all that are lipids. | Triglycerides Phospholipids Cholesterol |
| Which constitutes about 12 to 15 percent of the body's mass? | Protein |
| Choose all that are components of lipoproteins. | Cholesterol Proteins Triglycerides |
| Which is a type of lipoprotein? | Chylomicrons |
| Proteins that lack one or more essential amino acids are said to be what? | Incomplete |
| What are chylomicrons? | Lipoproteins that carry dietary fats from intestines to body cells |
| Complete proteins provide all of what needed for tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance? | Essential amino acids |
| Which enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides contained in lipoproteins? | Lipoprotein lipase |
| Which mineral is involved in forming bone salts as well as having a role in nervous and muscle function? | calcium |
| Which type of macromolecule includes membrane receptors, pumps, ion channels, and cell-identity markers? | Proteins |
| Sodium is an example of which of the following? | Mineral |
| Choose all the roles that the protein and phospholipid coating of a lipoprotein serve. | Enables lipid droplets to remain suspended in the blood Forms a recognition marker for cells |
| Choose all that are examples of trace minerals. | Iodine Copper Zinc |
| Which is an example of an incomplete protein? Legumes Most animal protein Lean hamburger | Legumes |
| What are the three major pathways by which glucose is catabolized in the human body? | Anaerobic fermentation Aerobic respiration Glycolysis |
| Proteins are classified as __________ proteins if they provide all the essential amino acids for human tissue growth, maintenance and nitrogen balance. | Complete |
| In phosphorylation, what is the name of the enzyme that transfers an inorganic phosphate from ATP to glucose? | Hexokinase |
| Which mineral is a key structural component of phospholipids and ATP? | Phosphorus |
| Unlike aerobic respiration, anaerobic fermentation may occur under which of the following conditions? | When no oxygen is available |
| Choose all that are biologically important minerals. | Phosphorus Sodium Calcium |
| In the presence of oxygen, _________ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration. | pyruvate |
| For which group of minerals is the RDA 15 mg or less? | Trace minerals |
| How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose? | 32 moles |
| The splitting of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate is called what? | Glycolysis |
| Which term refers to the synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose? | Glycogenesis |
| The process called ______ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule. | Phosphorylation |
| The specific term for the catabolism (breakdown) of fat (lipids) for fuel is Blank______. | lipolysis |
| In the absence of oxygen, small amounts of ATP may be produced via an anaerobic process called Blank______. | fermentation |
| The term ______ refers to the synthesis of fats. | Lipogenesis |
| In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters what to become oxidized by aerobic respiration? | Mitochondria |
| The process of ________ is the addition of an amino group to a molecule. | Amination |
| In aerobic respiration, how many NADH molecules are produced for each glucose molecule? | 10 |
| Choose all that are directly involved in the process of protein synthesis. | Ribosomes DNA tRNA mRNA |
| What is glycogenesis? | The production of glycogen |
| During which state are nutrients being absorbed and may be used immediately for energy? | Absorptive state |
| What is lipolysis? | Breakdown of triglycerides |
| Choose all that are effects of insulin. | Stimulates glycogenesis Stimulates glucose oxidation Inhibits gluconeogenesis |
| What is lipogenesis? | Producing fats from other types of molecules |
| During the Blank______ state, energy may be provided by mechanisms such as the breakdown of stored glycogen, oxidation of ketone bodies, and conversion of glycerol into glucose. | postabsorptive |
| ______ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another. | Transamination |
| A person's basal metabolic rate (BMR) is his or her metabolic rate during which three situations? | At a comfortable temperature In a post absorptive state Relaxed |
| Protein synthesis requires all the acids needed to make a particular protein. | Amino |
| What is hypothermia? | Low body temperature |
| When does the absorptive state occur? | For several hours during and after a meal |
| The temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is called the _________ temperature of the body. | core |
| Insulin Blank______ gluconeogenesis. | inhibits |
| It is critical that the postabsorptive state maintains blood glucose levels because the Blank______ cannot use alternative an energy source except in cases of prolonged fasting. | brain |
| Choose all of the following which produce body heat? | Nutrient oxidation Muscle contraction ATP use |
| What is metabolic rate? | Amount of energy released in body per unit time |
| The _________ of the brain controls body temperature by initiating heat-conserving or heat-loss mechanisms. | Hypothalamus |
| Hypothermia Blank______ metabolic rate. | slows down |
| Which is most likely to be fatal? Heavy sweating Heat cramps Heat exhaustion Heatstroke | Heatstroke |
| The temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is known as which of the following? | Core temperature |
| The hormone ________ functions to increase cellular absorption of glucose, stimulate glycogenesis, and inhibit gluconeogenesis in response to an elevated blood glucose level. | insulin |
| Which produces most of your body heat? Muscle contraction Exergonic chemical reactions Blood flow Joint friction | Exergonic chemical reactions |
| Peripheral thermoreceptors are mainly located where? | skin |
| The painful muscle spasms that result from excessive electrolyte loss in the sweat after running a mile and not drinking water would be described as which of the following? | Heat cramps |
| At rest how much do skeletal muscles contribute to total body heat? | 20% to 30% |
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