Smartbook-Nutrition and Metabolism
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| In humans, body weight is determined by which of the following? | Heredity and environmental influences
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| Choose all the peptides that are involved in short-term regulation of appetite. | Ghrelin
Cholecystokinin
Peptide YY
Amylin
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| Which nickname best describes the role of ghrelin in appetite regulation? | The hunger hormone
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| CCK is produced by the Blank______. | small intestine
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| Insulin and _______ work as "adiposity signals," informing the brain of how much adipose tissue the body has and activating mechanisms for adding or reducing fat. | Leptin
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| About how much of the variation in human weight is due to hereditary? | 30% to 50%
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| True or False: Insulin has an effect on appetite. | True
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| Where is amylin made? | Pancreas
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| How many calories are in one kilocalorie (kcal)? | 1,000
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| Ghrelin is secreted by the Blank______. | stomach
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| Any ingested chemical that is absorbed into tissues and used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body is a(n) _______. | Nutrient
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| Ghrelin | Produces the sensation of hunger and stimulates the hypothalamus to release growth hormone releasing hormone
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| Peptide YY | Signals satiety and terminates eating; prevents the stomach from emptying too quickly
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| Cholecystokinin (CCK) | Stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes; suppresses appetite
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| Choose all that function in long term appetite regulation. | Insulin
Leptin
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| Which nutrient class includes sugars and glycogen? | Carbohydrates
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| Which hormone is secreted by the pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated serum glucose levels, serves as an index of the body's fat stores, and has a small effect on appetite? | Insulin
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| What is the major function of carbohydrates in the body? | Cellular fuel
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| One thousand calories is called a Calorie (capital C) in dietetics and a Blank______ in biochemistry. | kilocalorie
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| Which are considered complex carbohydrates? | polysaccharides
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| Which term is defined as any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body? | Nutrient
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| What is the RDA for carbohydrates? | 125-175 g
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| Most dietary carbohydrates come from which of the following? | Plant-based foods
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| Choose all that are examples of carbohydrates. | Glucose
Glycogen
Sucrose
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| Some cells such as Blank______ depend almost exclusively on carbohydrates for their energy needs. | neurons and erythrocytes
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| Which are types of dietary fiber? | Pectin and cellulose
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| What are the three principle forms of dietary carbohydrates? | Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
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| Which macromolecule consists of glycerol and fatty acids? | Triglyceride
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| Because the class of nutrients called Blank______ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient. | carbohydrates
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| Which class of macronutrients provide the most energy per gram? | Fat
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| Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source. Sucrose | Refined from sugarcane and sugar beets
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| Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source. Fructose | Fruits
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| Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source. Maltose | Germinating cereal grains
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| Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source. Lactose | Cow's milk
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| Choose all the vitamins that are fat-soluble. | A
D
E
K
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| Glucose is a Blank______. | carbohydrate
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| Cholesterol is a major structural component of Blank______. | plasma membranes
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| Dietary fibers of plant and animal origin resist what? | Digestion
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| Fat should account for no more than how much of your daily caloric intake? | 35%
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| Choose all that are lipids. | Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
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| Why is fat superior to carbohydrates for energy storage? | Fat contains more energy per gram.
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| Choose all that are often considered essential fatty acids. | Linolenic acid
Arachidonic acid
Linoleic acid
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| Vitamins A, D, E, and K are Blank______-soluble vitamins. | fat
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| The type of fat that is found predominately in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils is called Blank______ fat, based on the double bonds found in the carbon chains of the fatty acids. | unsaturated
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| _______ fats contain fatty acids that lack double bonds. An unsaturated fat is one in which there are one or more double bonds in the carbon chain. | Saturated
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| Which is a major structural component of plasma membranes, and is also a precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D? | Cholesterol
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| Choose all the statements about dietary fat that are true. | People who ingest less than 20 g of fat per day are at risk of vitamin deficiency.
A well-nourished adult meets 80% to 90% of his or her resting energy needs from fat.
Fat should account for no more than 35% of one's daily caloric intake.
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| Which macromolecule consists of glycerol and fatty acids? | Triglyceride
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| Which term refers to fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet? | Essential fatty acids
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| Lipoproteins are small droplets with a core of ______ and triglycerides and a coating of phospholipids and apolipoprotein. | Cholesterol
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| True or False: Saturated fats are exclusively of animal origin. | False
Although predominantly of animal origin, saturated fats are also found in some plant products such as coconut and palm oils.
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| A chylomicron is a type of what? | Lipoprotein
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| Cholesterol is a major structural component of Blank______. | plasma membranes
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| Chylomicrons are a type of Blank______. | lipoprotein
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| A typical American obtains what percentage of their calories from fat? | 30% to 50%
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| The enzyme that chylomicron triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids is lipoprotein _______. | Lipase
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| Choose all that are lipids. | Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
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| Which constitutes about 12 to 15 percent of the body's mass? | Protein
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| Choose all that are components of lipoproteins. | Cholesterol
Proteins
Triglycerides
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| Which is a type of lipoprotein? | Chylomicrons
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| Proteins that lack one or more essential amino acids are said to be what? | Incomplete
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| What are chylomicrons? | Lipoproteins that carry dietary fats from intestines to body cells
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| Complete proteins provide all of what needed for tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance? | Essential amino acids
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| Which enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides contained in lipoproteins? | Lipoprotein lipase
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| Which mineral is involved in forming bone salts as well as having a role in nervous and muscle function? | calcium
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| Which type of macromolecule includes membrane receptors, pumps, ion channels, and cell-identity markers? | Proteins
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| Sodium is an example of which of the following? | Mineral
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| Choose all the roles that the protein and phospholipid coating of a lipoprotein serve. | Enables lipid droplets to remain suspended in the blood
Forms a recognition marker for cells
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| Choose all that are examples of trace minerals. | Iodine
Copper
Zinc
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| Which is an example of an incomplete protein? Legumes Most animal protein Lean hamburger | Legumes
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| What are the three major pathways by which glucose is catabolized in the human body? | Anaerobic fermentation
Aerobic respiration
Glycolysis
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| Proteins are classified as __________ proteins if they provide all the essential amino acids for human tissue growth, maintenance and nitrogen balance. | Complete
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| In phosphorylation, what is the name of the enzyme that transfers an inorganic phosphate from ATP to glucose? | Hexokinase
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| Which mineral is a key structural component of phospholipids and ATP? | Phosphorus
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| Unlike aerobic respiration, anaerobic fermentation may occur under which of the following conditions? | When no oxygen is available
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| Choose all that are biologically important minerals. | Phosphorus
Sodium
Calcium
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| In the presence of oxygen, _________ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration. | pyruvate
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| For which group of minerals is the RDA 15 mg or less? | Trace minerals
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| How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose? | 32 moles
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| The splitting of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate is called what? | Glycolysis
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| Which term refers to the synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose? | Glycogenesis
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| The process called ______ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule. | Phosphorylation
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| The specific term for the catabolism (breakdown) of fat (lipids) for fuel is Blank______. | lipolysis
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| In the absence of oxygen, small amounts of ATP may be produced via an anaerobic process called Blank______. | fermentation
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| The term ______ refers to the synthesis of fats. | Lipogenesis
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| In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters what to become oxidized by aerobic respiration? | Mitochondria
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| The process of ________ is the addition of an amino group to a molecule. | Amination
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| In aerobic respiration, how many NADH molecules are produced for each glucose molecule? | 10
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| Choose all that are directly involved in the process of protein synthesis. | Ribosomes
DNA
tRNA
mRNA
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| What is glycogenesis? | The production of glycogen
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| During which state are nutrients being absorbed and may be used immediately for energy? | Absorptive state
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| What is lipolysis? | Breakdown of triglycerides
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| Choose all that are effects of insulin. | Stimulates glycogenesis
Stimulates glucose oxidation
Inhibits gluconeogenesis
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| What is lipogenesis? | Producing fats from other types of molecules
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| During the Blank______ state, energy may be provided by mechanisms such as the breakdown of stored glycogen, oxidation of ketone bodies, and conversion of glycerol into glucose. | postabsorptive
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| ______ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another. | Transamination
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| A person's basal metabolic rate (BMR) is his or her metabolic rate during which three situations? | At a comfortable temperature
In a post absorptive state
Relaxed
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| Protein synthesis requires all the acids needed to make a particular protein. | Amino
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| What is hypothermia? | Low body temperature
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| When does the absorptive state occur? | For several hours during and after a meal
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| The temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is called the _________ temperature of the body. | core
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| Insulin Blank______ gluconeogenesis. | inhibits
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| It is critical that the postabsorptive state maintains blood glucose levels because the Blank______ cannot use alternative an energy source except in cases of prolonged fasting. | brain
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| Choose all of the following which produce body heat? | Nutrient oxidation
Muscle contraction
ATP use
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| What is metabolic rate? | Amount of energy released in body per unit time
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| The _________ of the brain controls body temperature by initiating heat-conserving or heat-loss mechanisms. | Hypothalamus
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| Hypothermia Blank______ metabolic rate. | slows down
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| Which is most likely to be fatal? Heavy sweating Heat cramps Heat exhaustion Heatstroke | Heatstroke
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| The temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is known as which of the following? | Core temperature
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| The hormone ________ functions to increase cellular absorption of glucose, stimulate glycogenesis, and inhibit gluconeogenesis in response to an elevated blood glucose level. | insulin
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| Which produces most of your body heat? Muscle contraction Exergonic chemical reactions Blood flow Joint friction | Exergonic chemical reactions
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| Peripheral thermoreceptors are mainly located where? | skin
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| The painful muscle spasms that result from excessive electrolyte loss in the sweat after running a mile and not drinking water would be described as which of the following? | Heat cramps
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| At rest how much do skeletal muscles contribute to total body heat? | 20% to 30%
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