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What is gastroenterology?
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What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called?
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Unit 4 Chapter 25
Smartbook- The Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is gastroenterology? | The study of the digestive tract |
| What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called? | Digestion |
| The submucosa of the digestive tract is a layer of the connective tract composed primarily of what type of tissue? | Loose connective tissue |
| The sheets of connective tissue that hold the abdominal viscera in place are called _______ | mesentery |
| Which is true of the long reflexes that aid in regulation of the digestive tract? | They use the vagus nerves and brainstem. |
| The study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders is called | Gastroenterology |
| What part (a cavity) of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration? | Oral cavity |
| What is ingestion? | The selective intake of food |
| Which muscle is found in the cheeks? | Buccinator |
| Choose all that are functions of mesenteries. | Provide passage for blood vessels Hold abdominal viscera in place Provide passage for nerves |
| What is the space between the lips and teeth called? | Vestibule |
| Which digestive reflexes use autonomic nerve fibers running to and from the brainstem? | Long |
| Premolars and molars- Incisors- Canines- | Crush and grind food Bite off pieces of food Puncture and shred food |
| Choose all that are functions of the oral cavity. | Speech Respiration Ingestion |
| Neck Root Crown | Where the crown, gum, and root meet Portion of the tooth below the gum Portion of the tooth above the gum |
| Which two structures are essential for all chewing, speech, sucking, and blowing? | Lips Cheeks |
| Which describes tooth enamel? | A cell-free protective layer over the crown |
| Which muscles manipulate food and push it between teeth during mastication? | Buccinator and orbicularis oris |
| The median fold that attaches each lip to the gum is called the ________ frenulum. | Labial |
| Which are functions of saliva? | Aids in swallowing Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted Cleanses mouth and teeth |
| The most pointed teeth that act to puncture food are which of the following? | Canines |
| The portion of the tooth below the gum is the Blank______ of the tooth. | root |
| What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter? | To prevents stomach contents from entering the esophagus |
| The hard yellowish material that makes up most of the tooth is called Blank______. | dentin |
| Deglutition involves how many muscles? | About 22 |
| Which muscles produce the up-and-down crushing action of the teeth during mastication? | Masseter and temporalis |
| Lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, mucus, electrolytes and water are all found in which of the following? | Saliva |
| Which is true of chyme? | It is a soupy mixture of semi-digested food. |
| The pharynx connects the oral cavity to the Blank______ and the nasal cavity to the Blank______. | esophagus, larynx |
| Which describes the fundus of the stomach? | It is the domed superior region. |
| What is the straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach called? | Esophagus |
| What is deglutition? | Swallowing |
| The stomach receives sympathetic innervation from the Blank______. | celiac ganglion |
| Chewing is also known as which of the following? | Mastication |
| The longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric _________. | Rugae |
| What is the semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food within the stomach known as? | Chyme |
| What is the inactive precursor of pepsin? | Pepsinogen |
| True or False: The stomach wall will relax when stretched. | True The receptive-relaxation response describes how the stomach is stretched as food arrives, then is relaxes to accommodate the incoming meal. |
| What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter? | To prevents stomach contents from entering the esophagus |
| Which center in the medulla oblongata is involved in the process of vomiting? | Emetic |
| The stomach receives what type of stimulation via the vagus nerve? | Parasympathetic |
| When do gastric rugae appear? | When the stomach is empty |
| Which substances are absorbed from the stomach? | Aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs |
| An enzyme that is secreted in its inactive form is known as a Blank______. | zymogen |
| Choose all that protect the stomach lining from the acidic contents. | Mucous coat Tight junctions Epithelial cell replacement |
| The action of the stomach briefly resisting stretching but then relaxing to accommodate arriving food is called the __________-relaxation response. | Receptive |
| Stomach function is regulated in three phases, which are the ______ phase, the intestinal phase, and the cephalic phase. | Gastric |
| The forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents from the mouth is called Blank______. | vomiting |
| True or False: The role of the liver in digestion is to produce digestive enzymes. | False The liver produces bile for fat emulsion. It is the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes. |
| True or False: The stomach is innervated by parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, fibers. | False Both branches of the autonomic system innervate the stomach; the PSNS stimulates the digestive system and the SNS inhibits it. |
| Most digestion occurs in the stomach, while most absorption occurs in the small intestine. | False Most digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine. |
| How long do epithelial cells lining the stomach live? | 3 to 6 days |
| What are the four lobes of the liver? | Quadrate lobe Right lobe Left lobe Caudate lobe |
| The only function of the liver that contributes to digestion is the production of _________. | Bile |
| The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the Blank______. | gallbladder |
| The stomach receives what type of stimulation via the vagus nerve? | Parasympathetic |
| Which is true about the pancreas? It is 2.5 cm long. It is retroperitoneal. It is an endocrine organ only. It is anterior to the stomach. | It is retroperitoneal. |
| Which is true of chemical digestion in the stomach? | Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach. |
| Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats in the small intestine? | Cholecystokinin |
| The four lobes of the liver are the right, left, ______, and quadrate lobes. | Caudate |
| How long is the gallbladder? | About 10 cm |
| List, in order from top to bottom, the segments of the small intestine. | 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum |
| Which substances are absorbed from the stomach? | Aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs |
| Blood from the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein then flows into the Blank______. | hepatic portal system |
| Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme? | Secretin |
| The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called Blank______ cells. | goblet |
| What is the initial segment of the small intestine? | Duodenum |
| What are the components of intestinal juice? | Water and mucus |
| Which is true about the pancreas? | It is retroperitoneal. |
| Which is a function of the contractions of the small intestine? | Move residue toward the large intestine |
| The small intestine receives nearly all of its blood supply from the Blank______. | superior mesenteric artery |
| The enzyme that digests dietary starch is salivary or pancreatic _________ | Amylase |
| Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats in the small intestine? | Cholecystokinin |
| Proteases are also called what? | Peptidases |
| Mucus-secreting cells of the small intestine are called ______ cells. | goblet |
| Lipase digests what? | Fats |
| How much intestinal juice is produced per day? | 1 to 2 Liters |
| What do nucleosidase and phosphatase digest? | Nucleotides |
| True or False: The only purpose of intestinal motility is to move residue along the digestive tract. | False Motility also mixes chyme with secretions and brings chyme into contact with intestinal lining. |
| Which vitamin that is so large that it can only be absorbed if it binds to intrinsic factor first? | B12 |
| Salivary amylase functions best at what pH? | 6.8 to 7.0 |
| Where are minerals in the diet absorbed? | Small intestine |
| A(n) Blank______ is any enzyme that digests proteins. | protease |
| In the digestive system, water is absorbed through the process of _________, following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients. | Osmosis |
| Enzymes that digest lipids are called | Lipases |
| What are the functions of the large intestine? | Water and electrolyte absorption |
| Which two enzymes decompose nucleotides into phosphate ions, pentose sugars, and nitrogenous bases? | Phosphatase Nucleosidase |
| Vitamin B12 must bind to what to be absorbed? | Intrinsic factor |
| The segment of the digestive tract passing up the right side of the abdomen is the __________ colon. | Ascending |
| Minerals in the diet are absorbed in the ______ intestine. | Small |
| What is the primary epithelium found in the large intestine? | Simple columnar |
| Which occurs when too little water is absorbed by the large intestine? | Diarrhea |
| The gut microbiome refers to the many species of bacteria residing where? | Large intestine |
| The primary function of the _____ intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes, but not other nutrients. | large |
| Which colonic contractions are the most common, occurring about twice an hour? | Haustral contractions |
| What do nucleosidase and phosphatase digest? | Nucleotides |
| Choose all that are stimuli for defecation. | Stretching of the descending colon Stretching of the rectum Stretching of the sigmoid colon |
| Which part of the large intestine begins at the ileal papilla? | Ascending colon |
| The mucosa of the colon is primarily lined with _________ columnar epithelium. | simple |
| Bacteria of the gut microbiome synthesize which vitamins? | B and K vitamins |
| The most common colonic contractions that occur about twice an hour are _______ contractions. | Haustral |
| The stimulus for the _______ reflex is stretching of the rectum. | Defecation |
| When stretch receptors are activated in the rectum, signals travel to which of the following to continue the defecation reflex? | Spinal cord |
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