Smartbook- The Digestive System
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| What is gastroenterology? | The study of the digestive tract
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| What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called? | Digestion
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| The submucosa of the digestive tract is a layer of the connective tract composed primarily of what type of tissue? | Loose connective tissue
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| The sheets of connective tissue that hold the abdominal viscera in place are called _______ | mesentery
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| Which is true of the long reflexes that aid in regulation of the digestive tract? | They use the vagus nerves and brainstem.
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| The study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders is called | Gastroenterology
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| What part (a cavity) of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration? | Oral cavity
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| What is ingestion? | The selective intake of food
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| Which muscle is found in the cheeks? | Buccinator
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| Choose all that are functions of mesenteries. | Provide passage for blood vessels
Hold abdominal viscera in place
Provide passage for nerves
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| What is the space between the lips and teeth called? | Vestibule
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| Which digestive reflexes use autonomic nerve fibers running to and from the brainstem? | Long
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| Premolars and molars- Incisors- Canines- | Crush and grind food
Bite off pieces of food
Puncture and shred food
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| Choose all that are functions of the oral cavity. | Speech
Respiration
Ingestion
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| Neck Root Crown | Where the crown, gum, and root meet
Portion of the tooth below the gum
Portion of the tooth above the gum
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| Which two structures are essential for all chewing, speech, sucking, and blowing? | Lips
Cheeks
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| Which describes tooth enamel? | A cell-free protective layer over the crown
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| Which muscles manipulate food and push it between teeth during mastication? | Buccinator and orbicularis oris
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| The median fold that attaches each lip to the gum is called the ________ frenulum. | Labial
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| Which are functions of saliva? | Aids in swallowing
Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted
Cleanses mouth and teeth
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| The most pointed teeth that act to puncture food are which of the following? | Canines
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| The portion of the tooth below the gum is the Blank______ of the tooth. | root
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| What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter? | To prevents stomach contents from entering the esophagus
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| The hard yellowish material that makes up most of the tooth is called Blank______. | dentin
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| Deglutition involves how many muscles? | About 22
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| Which muscles produce the up-and-down crushing action of the teeth during mastication? | Masseter and temporalis
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| Lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, mucus, electrolytes and water are all found in which of the following? | Saliva
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| Which is true of chyme? | It is a soupy mixture of semi-digested food.
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| The pharynx connects the oral cavity to the Blank______ and the nasal cavity to the Blank______. | esophagus, larynx
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| Which describes the fundus of the stomach? | It is the domed superior region.
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| What is the straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach called? | Esophagus
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| What is deglutition? | Swallowing
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| The stomach receives sympathetic innervation from the Blank______. | celiac ganglion
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| Chewing is also known as which of the following? | Mastication
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| The longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric _________. | Rugae
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| What is the semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food within the stomach known as? | Chyme
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| What is the inactive precursor of pepsin? | Pepsinogen
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| True or False: The stomach wall will relax when stretched. | True
The receptive-relaxation response describes how the stomach is stretched as food arrives, then is relaxes to accommodate the incoming meal.
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| What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter? | To prevents stomach contents from entering the esophagus
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| Which center in the medulla oblongata is involved in the process of vomiting? | Emetic
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| The stomach receives what type of stimulation via the vagus nerve? | Parasympathetic
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| When do gastric rugae appear? | When the stomach is empty
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| Which substances are absorbed from the stomach? | Aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs
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| An enzyme that is secreted in its inactive form is known as a Blank______. | zymogen
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| Choose all that protect the stomach lining from the acidic contents. | Mucous coat
Tight junctions
Epithelial cell replacement
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| The action of the stomach briefly resisting stretching but then relaxing to accommodate arriving food is called the __________-relaxation response. | Receptive
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| Stomach function is regulated in three phases, which are the ______ phase, the intestinal phase, and the cephalic phase. | Gastric
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| The forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents from the mouth is called Blank______. | vomiting
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| True or False: The role of the liver in digestion is to produce digestive enzymes. | False
The liver produces bile for fat emulsion. It is the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes.
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| True or False: The stomach is innervated by parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, fibers. | False
Both branches of the autonomic system innervate the stomach; the PSNS stimulates the digestive system and the SNS inhibits it.
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| Most digestion occurs in the stomach, while most absorption occurs in the small intestine. | False
Most digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine.
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| How long do epithelial cells lining the stomach live? | 3 to 6 days
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| What are the four lobes of the liver? | Quadrate lobe
Right lobe
Left lobe
Caudate lobe
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| The only function of the liver that contributes to digestion is the production of _________. | Bile
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| The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the Blank______. | gallbladder
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| The stomach receives what type of stimulation via the vagus nerve? | Parasympathetic
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| Which is true about the pancreas? It is 2.5 cm long. It is retroperitoneal. It is an endocrine organ only. It is anterior to the stomach. | It is retroperitoneal.
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| Which is true of chemical digestion in the stomach? | Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach.
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| Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats in the small intestine? | Cholecystokinin
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| The four lobes of the liver are the right, left, ______, and quadrate lobes. | Caudate
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| How long is the gallbladder? | About 10 cm
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| List, in order from top to bottom, the segments of the small intestine. | 1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
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| Which substances are absorbed from the stomach? | Aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs
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| Blood from the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein then flows into the Blank______. | hepatic portal system
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| Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme? | Secretin
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| The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called Blank______ cells. | goblet
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| What is the initial segment of the small intestine? | Duodenum
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| What are the components of intestinal juice? | Water and mucus
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| Which is true about the pancreas? | It is retroperitoneal.
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| Which is a function of the contractions of the small intestine? | Move residue toward the large intestine
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| The small intestine receives nearly all of its blood supply from the Blank______. | superior mesenteric artery
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| The enzyme that digests dietary starch is salivary or pancreatic _________ | Amylase
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| Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats in the small intestine? | Cholecystokinin
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| Proteases are also called what? | Peptidases
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| Mucus-secreting cells of the small intestine are called ______ cells. | goblet
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| Lipase digests what? | Fats
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| How much intestinal juice is produced per day? | 1 to 2 Liters
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| What do nucleosidase and phosphatase digest? | Nucleotides
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| True or False: The only purpose of intestinal motility is to move residue along the digestive tract. | False
Motility also mixes chyme with secretions and brings chyme into contact with intestinal lining.
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| Which vitamin that is so large that it can only be absorbed if it binds to intrinsic factor first? | B12
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| Salivary amylase functions best at what pH? | 6.8 to 7.0
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| Where are minerals in the diet absorbed? | Small intestine
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| A(n) Blank______ is any enzyme that digests proteins. | protease
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| In the digestive system, water is absorbed through the process of _________, following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients. | Osmosis
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| Enzymes that digest lipids are called | Lipases
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| What are the functions of the large intestine? | Water and electrolyte absorption
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| Which two enzymes decompose nucleotides into phosphate ions, pentose sugars, and nitrogenous bases? | Phosphatase
Nucleosidase
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| Vitamin B12 must bind to what to be absorbed? | Intrinsic factor
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| The segment of the digestive tract passing up the right side of the abdomen is the __________ colon. | Ascending
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| Minerals in the diet are absorbed in the ______ intestine. | Small
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| What is the primary epithelium found in the large intestine? | Simple columnar
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| Which occurs when too little water is absorbed by the large intestine? | Diarrhea
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| The gut microbiome refers to the many species of bacteria residing where? | Large intestine
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| The primary function of the _____ intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes, but not other nutrients. | large
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| Which colonic contractions are the most common, occurring about twice an hour? | Haustral contractions
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| What do nucleosidase and phosphatase digest? | Nucleotides
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| Choose all that are stimuli for defecation. | Stretching of the descending colon
Stretching of the rectum
Stretching of the sigmoid colon
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| Which part of the large intestine begins at the ileal papilla? | Ascending colon
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| The mucosa of the colon is primarily lined with _________ columnar epithelium. | simple
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| Bacteria of the gut microbiome synthesize which vitamins? | B and K vitamins
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| The most common colonic contractions that occur about twice an hour are _______ contractions. | Haustral
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| The stimulus for the _______ reflex is stretching of the rectum. | Defecation
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| When stretch receptors are activated in the rectum, signals travel to which of the following to continue the defecation reflex? | Spinal cord
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