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The water content (as a percentage of total body weight) of a 70 kg young male is which of the following?
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Which represents the largest fluid compartment in the body?
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Unit 3 Chapter 24
Smartbook- Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The water content (as a percentage of total body weight) of a 70 kg young male is which of the following? | Around 55 - 60% of total body weight |
| Which represents the largest fluid compartment in the body? | Intracellular fluid |
| We typically gain and lose about Blank______ mL of fluids a day. | 2500 |
| Which is produced as a by-product of dehydration synthesis reactions and aerobic respiration? | Metabolic water |
| Water intake totals about 2500 mL/day. The combination of water from food (about 700 mL) and drink (about 1600 mL) is known as __________ water. | Preformed |
| A newborn baby's weight is as much as 75% water, whereas obese and elderly people's weight is as little as 45% water. | True ;Recall that infants weight is mostly water and they normally lose a little weight in the first day or two as they excrete the excess. Obese and elderly people are as little as 45% water by weight. |
| Which best defines preformed water? | Water ingested in food (700 mL/d) and drink (1600 ml/d) |
| About how much of body water is found in intracellular fluids? | 65% |
| Rank the following routes of normal water loss from largest volume (top) to smallest volume (bottom). | 1. Urine 1500mL 2. Cutaneous transpiration 400 mL 3. Expired breath 300ml 4. Feces 200 mL 5. Sweat 100 mL |
| When is a person in a state of fluid balance? | Daily fluid gains equal losses. |
| Respiratory water loss increases in which condition? | Cold weather |
| Water is produced in _______ synthesis reactions. | Dehydration |
| Where are osmoreceptors found? | Hypothalamus |
| Which term refers to water that is produced as a by-product of dehydration synthesis reactions and aerobic respiration? | Metabolic water |
| The only way to control water output significantly is through variations in urine volume. | True ;Although water output is mainly regulated by variations in urine volume, it is important to understand that the kidneys can not replace lost water or electrolytes. Therefore, they never restore fluid volume or osmolarity. |
| Water that is ingested in food and drink is called ___________water. | Preformed |
| The two types of fluid deficiencies are volume depletion and __________ | Dehydration |
| The total water output per day in a resting adult is about 2500 mL. Match the route of water loss with its approximate normal volume | 1. Urine 1500mL 2. Cutaneous transpiration 400 mL 3. Expired breath 300ml 4. Feces 200 mL 5. Sweat 100 mL |
| True or False: Respiratory loss decreases in cold weather. | False ;Respiratory loss increases in cold weather because cold air is drier and absorbs more body water. |
| Choose all the factors that can lead to volume depletion (hypovolemia). | Diarrhea Chronic vomiting Hemorrhage |
| Fluid intake is governed by thirst and it is regulated by a group of hypothalamic neurons called _________, which respond to angiotensin II and to rising osmolarity of the ECF. | Osmoreceptors |
| What happens to ECF osmolarity during dehydration? | It increases. |
| Water output is primarily controlled through variations in which of the following? | Urine volume |
| Hypovolemia and dehydration are both examples of fluid deficiency. How do they differ? | In dehydration water is lost, and in hypovolemia both water and electrolytes are lost. |
| Dehydration that occurs in cases such as in profuse sweating affects which of the following fluid compartments? | ICF, blood, and tissue fluid |
| In which form of fluid imbalance is total body water reduced while osmolarity remains normal? | Hypovolemia (volume depletion) |
| Which may occur when proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost without replacement, for example due to hemorrhage, chronic vomiting, or diarrhea? | Hypovolemia |
| Which best defines fluid sequestration? | A condition in which excess fluid accumulates in a particular location |
| Choose all that are effects of dehydration. | Increased blood osmolarity Reduced blood pressure Reduced salivation |
| Sodium, potassium, calcium and hydrogen ions are examples of which of the following? | Cations |
| Which is true of the kidneys? | The kidneys cannot completely prevent water loss. |
| The most abundant solute particles are electrolytes, especially potassium in the intracellular fluid (ICF) and Blank______ in the extracellular fluid (ECF). | sodium |
| True or False: Dehydration affects the extracellular fluid exclusively. | False ;Dehydration can affect all the fluid compartments. Severe dehydration initially affects the blood, but as the osmolarity increases, it also affects the tissue fluid and then the intracellular fluid. |
| Sodium bicarbonate plays a major role in buffering the pH of which body fluid? | Extracellular fluid |
| In which form of fluid imbalance is total body water elevated while osmolarity is reduced? | Hypotonic hydration (positive water balance, water intoxication) |
| Which regulate sodium homeostasis? | Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Natriuretic peptides |
| Choose all statements that are true regarding fluid sequestration. | It is a condition in which excess fluid accumulates in a particular location. Causes of fluid sequestration include edema and hemorrhage. |
| Which best describes how aldosterone acts as the "salt retaining hormone"? | It increases the number of Na+-K+ pumps in the nephron. |
| Chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and phosphates (Pi) are examples of what? | Anions |
| Sodium is actively pumped across membranes. What compounds passively follow it? | Water and chloride |
| Which ion is the principal cation of the ECF? | Sodium |
| Which ion is the most significant solute in determining total body water and the distribution of water among fluid compartments? | Sodium |
| Which ion is the greatest determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cell volume? | Potassium |
| The typical American diet contains 3 to 7 g of sodium per day. How much sodium per day does a typical adult need? | 0.5 g |
| Potassium homeostasis is closely linked to which of the following? | Sodium |
| Which is referred to as the "salt-retaining hormone" because it plays the primary role in adjusting sodium excretion? | Aldosterone |
| Imbalances in which ion are the most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances? | Potassium |
| Choose all that are the primary effects of aldosterone. | Urine contains more K+. Urine has a lower pH. Urine contains less NaCl. |
| Which is a cation that lends strength to the skeleton, activates muscle contraction, serves as a second messenger for some hormones and neurotransmitters, and is an essential factor in blood clotting? | Calcium |
| The most abundant solute particles are electrolytes, especially potassium in the intracellular fluid (ICF) and Blank______ in the extracellular fluid (ECF). | sodium |
| Cells maintain a very low intracellular calcium concentration to avoid crystallization of calcium phosphate. Choose all the mechanisms that maintain low intracellular calcium concentrations. | Cells actively pump out Ca2+. Cells often have a protein called calsequestrin, which binds the stored Ca2+ and keeps it chemically unreactive. Cells sequester Ca2+ in the smooth ER and release it only when needed. |
| Which ion is the most abundant cation of the ICF? | Potassium |
| Most magnesium is found in intracellular fluid complexed with Blank______. | ATP |
| Aldosterone stimulates which of the following? | Renal reabsorption of sodium Renal secretion of potassium |
| What is the most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid? | Chloride |
| Hyperkalemia is what type of imbalance? | Excess potassium |
| In the heart, calcium sustains ventricular ________ long enough to ensure effective ejection of blood. | contraction |
| Chloride ions are required for the formation of which of the following? | Stomach acid |
| Why do cells maintain a very low intracellular calcium concentration? | Calcium phosphate crystals would precipitate in the cytoplasm if levels were high. |
| Which ion acts as an important buffer that helps stabilize the pH of body fluids? | Phosphate |
| Most intracellular magnesium is complexed with which of the following? | ATP |
| Which is true about enzymes? | They are very sensitive to pH. |
| Chloride is the most abundant anion in which fluid? | Extracellular fluid |
| Which property of a solution is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions? | pH |
| Imbalances in which ion are the most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances? | Potassium |
| Which is an example of a strong acid? | Hydrochloric acid |
| Choose all that are functions of chloride ions. | They contribute to formation of stomach acid. They participate in the chloride shift in that accompanies carbon dioxide loading and unloading. They are important in osmotic balance. They play a major role in the regulation of body pH. |
| Choose all that are important functions of phosphate ions. | Regulating metabolic pathways by activating and deactivating enzymes Helping to stabilize the pH of body fluids |
| H2CO3 ionizes only slightly and keeps most of its hydrogen in a chemically bound form that does not affect pH. Because of this it is classified as which of the following? | Weak acid |
| Choose all the reasons it is important to maintain the pH of blood and tissue fluids within normal limits. | Slight deviations from normal pH can shut down metabolic pathways. The structure and function of macromolecules are pH dependent. |
| Hydroxide (OH-) has a great tendency to bind H+ and raise the pH. It is therefore classified as which of the following? | Strong base |
| An acid releases what in a solution? | Hydrogen ions |
| Which term refers to a compound that helps maintain a stable pH by binding protons if H+ concentration begins to rise, and releasing them into solution if H+ concentration falls? | Chemical buffer |
| HCl ionizes freely, gives up most of its hydrogen ions, and can markedly lower the pH of a solution. Because of this it is classified as which of the following? | Strong acid |
| Which two organ systems form physiological buffers that help stabilize pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2? | Respiratory system Urinary system |
| Which ions are the most abundant anions of the ECF? They are required for the formation of stomach acid and play a major role in the regulation of body pH. | Chloride |
| The type of buffer that binds hydrogen ions and removes it from solution as its concentration goes up is a _________ buffer. | Chemical |
| Which is an example of a weak acid? | Carbonic acid |
| Name the three important chemical buffer systems in the body. | Bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein |
| As compared to hydroxide (OH-), bicarbonate (HCO3-) binds a relatively small amount of the available H+ and therefore has less of an effect on pH. Because of this, bicarbonate is classified as which of the following? | Weak base |
| What is the complete chemical equation for the bicarbonate buffer system? | CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+ |
| A buffer can be generally defined as a mechanism that does which of the following? | Resists changes in pH |
| The Blank______ buffer system is a solution of H(PO4)2 and H2(PO4). | phosphate |
| What kinds of buffers are the respiratory and urinary system? | Physiological buffers |
| A drop in blood hydrogen ion concentrations triggers what? | Reduction of pulmonary ventilation |
| Which type of buffer is defined as a substance that binds H+ and removes it from solution as its concentration begins to rise, or releases H+ into solution as its concentration falls? | Chemical |
| Of the two major physiological buffer systems, the respiratory system can restore the pH quickly, whereas the ________ system can take several hours to days to restore the pH. | Urinary |
| The three major chemical buffer systems in the body are the bicarbonate, phosphate, and _______ systems. | Protein |
| The most important buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer, which is a solution of Blank______ acid and bicarbonate ions. | weak |
| Why does urine contain a slight excess of hydrogen ions? | The renal tubules secrete more hydrogen ions than the bicarbonate ions can neutralize. |
| Choose all the statements that are true regarding the phosphate buffer system. | Its optimal pH is 6.8. It plays an important role in the renal tubules. It plays an important role in the ICF where there is constant production of metabolic acids. |
| A tissue fluid pH below 7.35 is defined as a state of Blank______. | acidosis |
| How can the respiratory system compensate for a drop in blood H+ concentrations? | Reduced pulmonary ventilation allows CO2 to accumulate, lowering the pH back to normal. |
| The type of acidosis that occurs when alveolar ventilation is too low is _________ acidosis. | Respiratory |
| Which physiological buffer system exerts an effect within a few minutes but cannot alter the pH as much as the urinary system? | Respiratory system |
| `The type of alkalosis that occurs from hyperventilation is ______ alkalosis. | Respiratory |
| What are the three major chemical buffer systems of the body? | The phosphate buffer system The bicarbonate buffer system The protein buffer system |
| Describe respiratory compensation in response to hypercapnia. | Pulmonary ventilation rate increases. |
| Order the events during neutralization of hydrogen ions in the kidney from the moment H2CO3 forms until HCO3- returns to blood. Begin with the formation of H2CO3 in the blood at the top. | 1. H+ in blood reacts with HCO3- to form H2CO3 2. H2CO3 decomposes into H2O and CO2, which enter the tubule cell 3. Tubule cells obtain CO2 from blood, and tubular fluid. 4. CAH combines H2O and CO2 to re-form H2CO3 5. H2CO3 ionizes to from HCO3- H+ |
| A pH below 7.35 in blood is considered a state of ________ | Acidosis |
| ______ acidosis occurs in hypoventilation, when carbon dioxide accumulates in the ECF and lowers its pH. | Respiratory |
| Respiratory Blank______ results from hyperventilation, in which CO2 is eliminated faster than it is produced. | alkalosis |
| Choose all that are true regarding respiratory compensation. | It corrects the pH of body fluids by expelling or retaining CO2. It is effective in correcting for PCO2 imbalances. |
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