Smartbook- Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
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| show | Around 55 - 60% of total body weight
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| show | Intracellular fluid
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| We typically gain and lose about Blank______ mL of fluids a day. | show 🗑
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| show | Metabolic water
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| show | Preformed
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| show | True
;Recall that infants weight is mostly water and they normally lose a little weight in the first day or two as they excrete the excess. Obese and elderly people are as little as 45% water by weight.
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| show | Water ingested in food (700 mL/d) and drink (1600 ml/d)
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| show | 65%
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| show | 1. Urine 1500mL
2. Cutaneous transpiration 400 mL
3. Expired breath 300ml
4. Feces 200 mL
5. Sweat 100 mL
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| When is a person in a state of fluid balance? | show 🗑
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| show | Cold weather
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| Water is produced in _______ synthesis reactions. | show 🗑
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| show | Hypothalamus
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| show | Metabolic water
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| The only way to control water output significantly is through variations in urine volume. | show 🗑
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| Water that is ingested in food and drink is called ___________water. | show 🗑
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| show | Dehydration
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| The total water output per day in a resting adult is about 2500 mL. Match the route of water loss with its approximate normal volume | show 🗑
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| show | False
;Respiratory loss increases in cold weather because cold air is drier and absorbs more body water.
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| Choose all the factors that can lead to volume depletion (hypovolemia). | show 🗑
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| Fluid intake is governed by thirst and it is regulated by a group of hypothalamic neurons called _________, which respond to angiotensin II and to rising osmolarity of the ECF. | show 🗑
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| show | It increases.
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| show | Urine volume
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| Hypovolemia and dehydration are both examples of fluid deficiency. How do they differ? | show 🗑
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| Dehydration that occurs in cases such as in profuse sweating affects which of the following fluid compartments? | show 🗑
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| show | Hypovolemia (volume depletion)
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| show | Hypovolemia
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| show | A condition in which excess fluid accumulates in a particular location
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| show | Increased blood osmolarity
Reduced blood pressure
Reduced salivation
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| Sodium, potassium, calcium and hydrogen ions are examples of which of the following? | show 🗑
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| Which is true of the kidneys? | show 🗑
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| The most abundant solute particles are electrolytes, especially potassium in the intracellular fluid (ICF) and Blank______ in the extracellular fluid (ECF). | show 🗑
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| show | False
;Dehydration can affect all the fluid compartments. Severe dehydration initially affects the blood, but as the osmolarity increases, it also affects the tissue fluid and then the intracellular fluid.
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| show | Extracellular fluid
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| show | Hypotonic hydration (positive water balance, water intoxication)
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| Which regulate sodium homeostasis? | show 🗑
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| show | It is a condition in which excess fluid accumulates in a particular location.
Causes of fluid sequestration include edema and hemorrhage.
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| show | It increases the number of Na+-K+ pumps in the nephron.
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| Chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and phosphates (Pi) are examples of what? | show 🗑
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| show | Water and chloride
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| Which ion is the principal cation of the ECF? | show 🗑
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| show | Sodium
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| show | Potassium
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| show | 0.5 g
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| show | Sodium
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| Which is referred to as the "salt-retaining hormone" because it plays the primary role in adjusting sodium excretion? | show 🗑
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| Imbalances in which ion are the most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances? | show 🗑
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| Choose all that are the primary effects of aldosterone. | show 🗑
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| Which is a cation that lends strength to the skeleton, activates muscle contraction, serves as a second messenger for some hormones and neurotransmitters, and is an essential factor in blood clotting? | show 🗑
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| The most abundant solute particles are electrolytes, especially potassium in the intracellular fluid (ICF) and Blank______ in the extracellular fluid (ECF). | show 🗑
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| show | Cells actively pump out Ca2+.
Cells often have a protein called calsequestrin, which binds the stored Ca2+ and keeps it chemically unreactive.
Cells sequester Ca2+ in the smooth ER and release it only when needed.
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| Which ion is the most abundant cation of the ICF? | show 🗑
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| Most magnesium is found in intracellular fluid complexed with Blank______. | show 🗑
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| show | Renal reabsorption of sodium
Renal secretion of potassium
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| What is the most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid? | show 🗑
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| Hyperkalemia is what type of imbalance? | show 🗑
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| In the heart, calcium sustains ventricular ________ long enough to ensure effective ejection of blood. | show 🗑
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| show | Stomach acid
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| Why do cells maintain a very low intracellular calcium concentration? | show 🗑
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| Which ion acts as an important buffer that helps stabilize the pH of body fluids? | show 🗑
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| Most intracellular magnesium is complexed with which of the following? | show 🗑
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| show | They are very sensitive to pH.
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| Chloride is the most abundant anion in which fluid? | show 🗑
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| show | pH
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| Imbalances in which ion are the most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances? | show 🗑
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| show | Hydrochloric acid
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| show | They contribute to formation of stomach acid.
They participate in the chloride shift in that accompanies carbon dioxide loading and unloading.
They are important in osmotic balance.
They play a major role in the regulation of body pH.
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| Choose all that are important functions of phosphate ions. | show 🗑
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| H2CO3 ionizes only slightly and keeps most of its hydrogen in a chemically bound form that does not affect pH. Because of this it is classified as which of the following? | show 🗑
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| show | Slight deviations from normal pH can shut down metabolic pathways.
The structure and function of macromolecules are pH dependent.
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| Hydroxide (OH-) has a great tendency to bind H+ and raise the pH. It is therefore classified as which of the following? | show 🗑
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| show | Hydrogen ions
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| Which term refers to a compound that helps maintain a stable pH by binding protons if H+ concentration begins to rise, and releasing them into solution if H+ concentration falls? | show 🗑
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| HCl ionizes freely, gives up most of its hydrogen ions, and can markedly lower the pH of a solution. Because of this it is classified as which of the following? | show 🗑
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| Which two organ systems form physiological buffers that help stabilize pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2? | show 🗑
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| show | Chloride
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| show | Chemical
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| show | Carbonic acid
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| show | Bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
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| show | Weak base
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| show | CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
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| A buffer can be generally defined as a mechanism that does which of the following? | show 🗑
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| The Blank______ buffer system is a solution of H(PO4)2 and H2(PO4). | show 🗑
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| What kinds of buffers are the respiratory and urinary system? | show 🗑
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| A drop in blood hydrogen ion concentrations triggers what? | show 🗑
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| Which type of buffer is defined as a substance that binds H+ and removes it from solution as its concentration begins to rise, or releases H+ into solution as its concentration falls? | show 🗑
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| show | Urinary
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| The three major chemical buffer systems in the body are the bicarbonate, phosphate, and _______ systems. | show 🗑
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| show | weak
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| Why does urine contain a slight excess of hydrogen ions? | show 🗑
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| show | Its optimal pH is 6.8.
It plays an important role in the renal tubules.
It plays an important role in the ICF where there is constant production of metabolic acids.
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| show | acidosis
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| How can the respiratory system compensate for a drop in blood H+ concentrations? | show 🗑
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| show | Respiratory
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| Which physiological buffer system exerts an effect within a few minutes but cannot alter the pH as much as the urinary system? | show 🗑
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| `The type of alkalosis that occurs from hyperventilation is ______ alkalosis. | show 🗑
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| What are the three major chemical buffer systems of the body? | show 🗑
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| show | Pulmonary ventilation rate increases.
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| show | 1. H+ in blood reacts with HCO3- to form H2CO3
2. H2CO3 decomposes into H2O and CO2, which enter the tubule cell
3. Tubule cells obtain CO2 from blood, and tubular fluid.
4. CAH combines H2O and CO2 to re-form H2CO3
5. H2CO3 ionizes to from HCO3- H+
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| A pH below 7.35 in blood is considered a state of ________ | show 🗑
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| show | Respiratory
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| Respiratory Blank______ results from hyperventilation, in which CO2 is eliminated faster than it is produced. | show 🗑
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| show | It corrects the pH of body fluids by expelling or retaining CO2.
It is effective in correcting for PCO2 imbalances.
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