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Unit 2 Chapter 21
Homework
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following statements is true about memory cells? | Memory cells respond to antigens more rapidly than naive T cells. The action of memory cells is the reason why we can get some diseases more than once. |
| The lymphoid system recovers fluids lost from the _____ to the _____ | vasculature interstitium |
| The fluids are collected and recirculated into the ______ via diffusion. | cardiovascular system |
| One disease condition that exemplifies the ___ function of the lymphoid system is elephantiasis, which is caused by parasitic blockages of the lymphatic vessels, resulting in massive interstitial tissue edema. | fluid reclamation |
| Immune function occurs largely because lymph contains ____ and immunoglobulins, which serve as powerful defense mechanisms against pathogens. | leukocytes |
| Digestive function of the lymphatic system is provided by ___ , which are found in the small intestine and are involved in the process of __ absorption. | lacteals lipid |
| May defend against a kidney transplant | Natural killer cells |
| Natural killer cells | Dendritic cells |
| May ingest and destroy bacteria | Macrophages |
| Give rise to cells that secrete antibodies | B lymphocytes |
| The fluid contained inside the lymphatic vessels is referred to as ___ | lymph |
| It is similar to _____ in consistency and appearance. | blood plasma |
| Originating distally in the tissues of the body, excess interstitial fluids are taken up by the _____ , which resemble ___ | lymphatic vessels veins |
| Accumulations of lymphocytes embedded in connective tissue networks are called ___ | lymphoid tissues |
| The tonsils, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes are all examples of ____ | lymphoid organs |
| Discharge enzymes into a cloud of bactericidal chemicals | Neutrophils |
| Guard against parasites and allergens | Eosinophils |
| Transform into phagocytic macrophages that ingest dead pathogens | Monocytes |
| Include NK cells, which patrol the body looking for diseased host cells | Lymphocytes |
| Secrete histamine, increasing blood flow | Basophils |
| Soluble plasma proteins, known as _____, can be activated in three ways. The classical mechanism requires antibodies. | complement |
| The alternative and ___ pathways of complement activation can both be initiated independent of antibody actions. | lectin |
| One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3a binding to ___ , which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release. | basophils and mast cells |
| By binding ___ to red blood cells, complement can serve as a promoter of__ by transporting these elements to reticular tissue for removal. | antibody-antigen complexes immune clearance |
| Activated C3b can also directly attach to pathogens and later serve as markers for ___ through a process called opsonization. | phagocytosis |
| Further cascades of reactions caused by C3b encourage the formation of membrane attack complexes in the membranes of pathogens, causing ___ . | cytolysis |
| A ___ is an abnormal elevation of the body temperature. | fever |
| A fever, when allowed to run its course, is actually __ | beneficial |
| Fever can ______ interferon activity. | promote |
| Fever can also ___ tissue repair. | accelerate |
| Lastly, fever will prevent the __ of bacteria and viruses | reproduction |
| What are the lymphoid system's main functions? | Immune surveillance, absorption of lipids, fluid recovery |
| What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called? | Macrophages |
| What are mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues? | Aggregates of lymphoid tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes |
| Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B cell maturation? | Red bone marrow |
| What is the body's largest lymphoid organ? | Spleen |
| What does the first line of defense against pathogens consist of? | External barriers |
| Which protein inhibits the viral infection of neighboring cells? | Interferon |
| Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface? | Antigen-presenting cell |
| Which T cell plays an integral role in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity? | Helper T cell |
| A severe and immediate local IgE reaction to an allergen within seconds of exposure is called _________blank. | anaphylaxis |
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