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The circulatory system consists of
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Choose all that are functions of the circulatory system.
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Stabilization of body fluid pH
Transportation of nutrients and gases
Regulation of body temperature
Formation and elimination of urine
Multiple select question.
Stabilization of body fluid pH
Transportation of nutrients and gases
Regulation of body temperature
Formation and elimination of urine
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Unit 1 Chapter 18
Smartbook- The Circulatory System: Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The circulatory system consists of | Heart, blood vessels, and blood |
| Choose all that are functions of the circulatory system. Multiple select question. Stabilization of body fluid pH Transportation of nutrients and gases Regulation of body temperature Formation and elimination of urine | Stabilization of body fluid pH Transportation of nutrients and gases Regulation of body temperature |
| What is the average volume of blood in an adult? | 4 to 6 liters |
| What are the formed elements of the blood? | Platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells |
| The fluid component of blood that is a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones and gases is called what? | Plasma |
| What are included in the cardiovascular (not circulatory) system. | Heart and blood vessels |
| functions of the circulatory system | It carries oxygen from the lungs to peripheral tissues and CO2 from peripheral tissues to the lungs. It helps to stabilize fluid distribution in the body. It neutralizes toxins and helps to destroy pathogens. |
| Choose some functions of plasma proteins. Multiple select question. Clotting Immune defense Primary source of energy Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones | Clotting Immune defense Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones |
| The main components of blood are a fluid portion called __________ , and formed elements that include the blood cells. | plasma |
| Which is the most abundant plasma protein? Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow. Calcium Albumin Fibrinogen Hemoglobin | Albumin |
| Red blood cells are also called Blank______. | erythrocytes |
| Which is a nitrogenous waste that is transported in the plasma? | Urea |
| What is the most abundant solute of blood plasma by weight? Multiple choice question. Nitrogenous wastes Protein Dissolved sugars | Protein |
| Which of the following is the most common ion found in the blood? Multiple choice question. Chloride Potassium Calcium Sodium | Sodium |
| Which system includes the heart and blood vessels, but does not include the blood? | Cardiovascular |
| Choose all that a decreased blood osmolarity could lead to. Multiple select question. Increased reabsorption of tissue fluid Edema Low blood pressure Increased blood viscosity | Edema Low blood pressure |
| high blood osmolarity | High blood pressure strain on heart and arteries |
| What are the three primary types of plasma proteins? | Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen |
| Hematopoiesis is the production of the _____________ elements of blood. | Formed |
| The most abundant plasma protein is ___________. Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow. | albumin |
| Urea is an example of | Nitrogenous waste |
| Red blood cells rely on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP because they lack the organelle called ______________ | Mitochondria |
| Carbohydrates, proteins, and water (as well as some other nutrients) are transported from the digestive system to the body's cells in which of the following fluids? Blood plasma Lymph Urine Cerebrospinal fluid | Blood plasma |
| One molecule of hemoglobin contains which of the following? Multiple choice question. 1 globin chain and 1 heme group 2 globin chains and 2 heme groups 4 globin chains and 1 heme group 4 globin chains and 4 heme groups | 4 globin chains and 4 heme groups |
| The total concentration of solute particles in blood is called blood ___________. | Osmolarity |
| The term hematopoiesis refers to | The production of blood |
| Choose the range of the hematocrit of an average male. Multiple choice question. 42% and 52% 37% and 48% 52% and 64% | 42% and 52% |
| What is the most abundant formed element of the blood? | Erythrocytes |
| About how many red blood cells are produced a day in an average person? | 100 billion |
| Which blood cells are biconcave and lack a nucleus and other organelles? | Erythrocytes |
| Which is a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production? | Erythropoietin |
| Adult hemoglobin consists of which of the following? 1 alpha chain, 1 beta chain, and 1 gamma chain 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains | 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains |
| How long does erythropoiesis take to complete? | 3-5 days |
| The hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration are clinical data that describe which of the following? Whether there is an infection A person's risk for diabetes The amount of oxygen the blood can carry Whether the immune system is competent | The amount of oxygen the blood can carry c |
| Which cell in the production of a red blood cell leaves the bone marrow to enter the blood? | Reticulocyte |
| Which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes? Production of RBCs takes about one month. About one million RBCs are formed per second. About 20 mL of packed RBCs are produced per day. An erythrocyte lives for an average of 120 days. | Production of red blood cells takes about one month. Recall that production of red blood cells normally takes 3 to 5 days. |
| What is the percentage of reticulocytes in the blood under normal circumstances? 5% to 15% 0.5% to 1.5% 15% to 25% | 0.5% to 1.5% |
| What is the role of erythropoietin? | Stimulates RBC production |
| Hypoxemia, resulting from hemorrhage, high altitude, or emphysema, may stimulate which of the following? Multiple choice question. Erythropoiesis Neutrophilia Anemia Neutropenia | Erythropoiesis |
| One molecule of hemoglobin contains which of the following? | 4 globin chains and 4 heme groups |
| What is erythropoiesis? | Red blood cell production |
| Choose all that are causes of hypoxemia. | COPD Emphysema Abrupt increases in activity level |
| List the stages of erythropoiesis starting with the least differentiated cell type | Hemopoietic stem cell --> colony-forming unit--> erythroblast |
| Keeping in mind the structure of hemoglobin, name the nutrient that is critical for hemoglobin synthesis. | iron |
| Blood loss stimulates accelerated erythropoiesis. This may cause an increase in which of the following? | Reticulocytes |
| Why are only old RBCs destroyed in the spleen? | Old cells rupture in the narrow channels of the spleen because they are no longer flexible or resilient. |
| Which organ produces EPO (erythropoietin)? | Kidney |
| What role do macrophages play in RBC death and disposal? | They separate the heme from the globin of hemoglobin, and hydrolyze globin into free amino acids. |
| Adult hemoglobin consists of | 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains |
| A high level of ___________ in the blood causes the yellowish cast in the skin known as jaundice. | Bilirubin |
| True or False Hypoxemia can occur transiently, but it is always associated with disease conditions. | False Hypoxemia can also occur when activity level abruptly increases. |
| Place the steps of iron metabolism in order. Start with absorption from the intestine at the top, and end with its distribution to the body at the bottom. | Absorbed Fe²⁺ binds to transferrin in plasma. Some transferrin releases Fe²⁺ for storage in the liver. Fe²⁺ binds apoferritin to be stored as ferritin. Remaining transferrin goes to other organs where Fe²⁺ is used. |
| A generalized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is called Blank______. | anemia |
| The organ known as the "erythrocyte graveyard" is the __________ | Spleen |
| Sickle-cell disease can cause which type of anemia? | Hemolytic |
| The rupture of red blood cells is called | Hemolysis |
| High levels of bilirubin in the blood lead to a condition called Blank______.High levels of bilirubin in the blood lead to a condition called Blank______. | jaundice |
| Which type of anemia is usually caused by blood loss coupled with nutrition deficits? | Iron-deficiency anemia |
| When a person moves from Miami to Denver, the higher elevation of Denver causes which of the following? | Stimulation of EPO secretion |
| Antigens on the surface of the erythrocyte membranes determine which of the following? | Blood type |
| Which term refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin? | Anemia |
| An individual with A antigens on their RBCs, but no B antigens, has which ABO blood type? | Type A |
| Snake venom is associated with which type of anemia? | Hemolytic |
| Which blood type is the most common in the United States? | o AB is the least common blood type. |
| What role do macrophages play in RBC death and disposal? | They separate the heme from the globin of hemoglobin, and hydrolyze globin into free amino acids. |
| Why can a transfusion reaction be fatal? | Free hemoglobin can block the kidney tubules and cause death from acute renal failure. |
| A lack of intrinsic factor and/or vitamin B12 may cause the form of anemia called Blank______ anemia. | pernicious |
| A person who lacks the D antigen are considered what blood type? | Rh negative |
| Blood types are based on large molecules called ___________ and antibodies. | Antigens |
| What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn? | Maternal anti-D destroys fetal erythrocytes. |
| An individual with neither A nor B red blood cell antigens has which ABO blood type? | Type O |
| Which term refers to white blood cells? | Leukocytes |
| Which blood type is the least common in the United States? | AB |
| An eosinophil is a type of Blank______. | granulocyte |
| A person with type A blood must never receive blood from which blood type? | Type B |
| True or False Antigen A and Antigen B are also called "Rh factors." | False Recall that Rh is one of several antigens the most common of which is antigen D. |
| What are the least common formed elements of the blood? | Leukocytes |
| Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are the three types of leukocytes classified as Blank______. | granulocytes |
| Which leukocyte has a nucleus comprised of two large lobes and a cytoplasm with abundant rosy to orange-colored granules? Multiple choice question. Neutrophil Lymphocyte Basophil Eosinophil Monocyte | Eosinophil |
| The most numerous white blood cells are normally the Blank______. | neutrophils |
| Which agranulocyte is small and round with a relatively large, centrally-located nucleus? | Lymphocyte |
| What is the most common Rh antigen? | Antigen D |
| Monocyte count increases the most during which of the following? | Inflammation and viral infections |
| What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn? | Maternal anti-D destroys fetal erythrocytes. |
| Which granulocyte is aggressively antibacterial, and has a band-shaped nucleus when young? | Neutrophil |
| Leukopoiesis is the production of ___________ blood cells. | White |
| Leukocytes called ____________ function to destroy large parasites such as hookworms and tapeworms. | eosinophils |
| Which precursor cell type gives rise to the granulocytes? | Myeloblast |
| Which of the following is characteristic of lymphocytes? Dark blue nucleus with reddish brown granules U-shaped nucleus with light blue granules Round dark violet staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm Lobed nucleus with blue/black granules | Round dark violet staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm |
| Monoblasts give rise to cells called | Monocyte |
| Which leukocytes leave the bloodstream and transform into large phagocytic tissue cells called macrophages? Multiple choice question. Monocytes Basophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils | Monocytes |
| What is the purpose of a differential WBC count? | To determine the number and ratio of each type of leukocytes in a sample |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis is also called ______________ disease of the newborn. | Hemolytic |
| Which term refers to the development of white blood cells? | Leukopoiesis |
| Platelets secreted vasoconstrictors that stimulate what? | Constriction of broken blood vessels |
| Choose all of the following that myeloblasts give rise to. Multiple select question. Basophils Monocytes T lymphocytes B lymphocytes Eosinophils Neutrophils | Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils |
| Which type of precursor cell produces monocytes? | Monoblasts |
| True or False: A total WBC count is more useful than a differential WBC count when trying to pin down the specific cause of a disease. | False A differential WBC count is more useful since specific types of leukocytes are elevated in response to different immune challenges. |
| What is thrombopoiesis? | Production of platelets |
| functions of platelets | Release vasoconstrictors Promote clotting and also initiate dissolution of clots Release factors that attract WBCs |
| Which precursor cell type gives rise to the granulocytes? | Myeloblast |
| What are the three hemostatic mechanisms? Select three answers from the list below. Multiple select question. Platelet plug formation Blood clotting Agglutination Vascular spasm | Platelet plug formation Blood clotting Vascular spasm |
| Monoblasts give rise to cells called ____________ | Monocytes |
| Which is a sex-linked blood clotting disorder that is more common in men than women? | Hemophilia |
| The specific process of platelet formation is called Blank______. | thrombopoiesis |
| What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn? | Maternal anti-D destroys fetal erythrocytes. |
| Which formed elements release vasoconstrictors, promote blood clotting, initiate dissolution of clots, and secrete growth factors? | Platelets |
| Which is the first step in the hemostatic mechanism? | Vascular spasm |
| What is hemophilia? | An inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factors |
| Thrombopoiesis is the production of | platelets |
| Platelets secreted vasoconstrictors that stimulate what? | Constriction of broken blood vessels |
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