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MedLectures1spring
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The efficiency of external respiration is dependant on what (3) factors? | 1)Alveolar ventilation, Is it adequate? 2)matching of V/Q 3)membrane diffusion across A.C membrane |
| 3 factors involved in oxygen delivery | 1)O2 loading 2)O2 unloading 3)O2 transport |
| O2 loading | "external" respiration gas exchange of 02 and CO2 from the atmosphere to the alveoli at the AC membrane |
| 02 unloading | " internal" respiration gas exchange at systemic capilaries(blood and tissues) |
| 02 transport | requires a normal Hgb concentration as well as an adequate cardiac output |
| Why does V/Q mismatch occur even in the normal lung? | There is a normal physiologic shunt of 3% in the normal healthy adult. 2% of cardiac output bypasses the lung,and 1% relative capillary shunting also occurs |
| what is the normal vd/vt ratio in a spontaneous breathing individual | .40 with a somewhat higher ratio being acceptable for patients on mechanical ventilatory support |
| The distribution of ventilation in the lung depends on regional differences in ----------and -------------. | CL and RAW |
| A vd/vt ratio of .7 means that: | 70% of the vt is lost to vd. The patient would need to be placed on mechanical ventilation. Their lungs are not ventilating adequately. |
| Cardiac output = | stroke volume X heartrate |
| At residual volume most gas entering the lungs would go to the apices or bases? | apices |
| Most gas inhaled during normal breathing from normal FRC enters the apices or bases? | bases |
| Will a change in FRC affect the distribution of ventilation? | Yes |
| A patient's minute ventilation is 10 lpm, her respirator rate is 22, and her PaCO2 is 55 mmHg. You would expect that she may be experiencing: | increased deadspace ventilation,increased work of breathing, and decreased alveolar ventilation |
| A pulmonary embolus would increase shunt or deadspace in the affected area? | Deadspace |
| A totally atelectatic alveolus would increase shunt or deadspace in the affected area? | shunt |
| Normal anatomic shunt is approximately what percent of cardiac output | 2% |
| What diffuses about 20x faster than O2 across the a-c membrane? | CO2 |
| what are the 2 major requirements for successful pulmonary diffusion? | 1) adequate time for for gases to equilibrate across the Alveolar capillary membrane2) their needs to be enough surface area to permit gas exchange at the alveolar capillary membrane |
| Hgb tends to combine 4 oxygen molecules or none, true or false | true |
| what is the normal value range for hemoglobin in males? | 15 g/100ml |
| What is the normal value range for hemoglobin in females? | 13-14 g/100ml |
| physiological deadspace | the sum of all alveolar and anatomic deadspace |
| shunt | blood is perfused but not ventilated |
| anatomic deadspace | the quantity of gas remaining in the airway at the end of each breath |
| anatomic shunting | the pleural, bronchial and thebesian largely veins contribute to this form of normal shunting |
| mechanical deadspace | represented by the volume of exhaled gas remaining within a ventilator circuit or an oxygen mask, which is then inspired on the next breath |
| relative capillary shunting | this form of shunting would be represented by an alveolus at which the volume of perfusion exceeds the volume of ventilation to the alveolus |
| what is the numerical difference between the normal total base in a blood sample and the actual amount of base in the sample? | base excess |
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qccrespiratory
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