Makes a personal attack rather than focusing on the issue at hand

Suggests that a great movement is under way and the reader will be a fool or a traitor not to join it

Circular Reasoning (begging the question)

Repeating the claim as a way to provide evidence, resulting in no evidence at all.

Insists that a complex situation can have only two possible outcomes

Uses the same word twice in an argument, but the second time used, the speaker uses an alternate definition for the word, which helps support a conclusion.

Makes comparisons between two situations that are not alike in important respects

tries to persuade readers by suggesting that they are thoughtful, intelligent, or perceptive enough to agree with the writer

Attacks someone's credibility by linking that person with a person or activity the audience considers bad, suspicious, or untrustworthy.

Bases a conclusion on too little evidence or on bad or misunderstood evidence

A special kind of flattery, invites readers to identify with an admired and select group

Attempts to tie together two or more logically unrelated ideas as if they were related.

Claims an overly direct relationship between cause and effect.

Assumes that just because B happened after A, B must have been caused by A.

Occurs when a speaker skips to a new and irrelevant topic in order to avoid the topic of discussion.

Suggests that if one small step is taken or conceded, others will inevitably follow -- in the same way that one step might lead to someone falling down a slippery slope.

Misrepresents opposition by pretending that opponents agree with something that few reasonable people would support.

Tries to frighten readers into agreement by hinting that they will suffer adverse consequences if they don't agree.

Often used by advertisers who show famous actors or athletes testifying to the greatness of a product about which they may know very little

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ad hominem

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Bandwagon appeal

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Logical Fallicies

Term	Definition
ad hominem	Makes a personal attack rather than focusing on the issue at hand
Bandwagon appeal	Suggests that a great movement is under way and the reader will be a fool or a traitor not to join it
Circular Reasoning (begging the question)	Repeating the claim as a way to provide evidence, resulting in no evidence at all.
Either-or	Insists that a complex situation can have only two possible outcomes
Equivocation	Uses the same word twice in an argument, but the second time used, the speaker uses an alternate definition for the word, which helps support a conclusion.
False analogy	Makes comparisons between two situations that are not alike in important respects
Flattery	tries to persuade readers by suggesting that they are thoughtful, intelligent, or perceptive enough to agree with the writer
Guilt by association	Attacks someone's credibility by linking that person with a person or activity the audience considers bad, suspicious, or untrustworthy.
Hasty generalization	Bases a conclusion on too little evidence or on bad or misunderstood evidence
In-crowd appeal	A special kind of flattery, invites readers to identify with an admired and select group
non sequitur	Attempts to tie together two or more logically unrelated ideas as if they were related.
oversimplification	Claims an overly direct relationship between cause and effect.
post hoc fallacy	Assumes that just because B happened after A, B must have been caused by A.
red herring	Occurs when a speaker skips to a new and irrelevant topic in order to avoid the topic of discussion.
slippery slope	Suggests that if one small step is taken or conceded, others will inevitably follow -- in the same way that one step might lead to someone falling down a slippery slope.
straw man	Misrepresents opposition by pretending that opponents agree with something that few reasonable people would support.
veiled threat	Tries to frighten readers into agreement by hinting that they will suffer adverse consequences if they don't agree.
False authority	Often used by advertisers who show famous actors or athletes testifying to the greatness of a product about which they may know very little

Created by: user-1790583

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