Logical Fallicies
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| ad hominem | Makes a personal attack rather than focusing on the issue at hand
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| Bandwagon appeal | Suggests that a great movement is under way and the reader will be a fool or a traitor not to join it
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| Circular Reasoning (begging the question) | Repeating the claim as a way to provide evidence, resulting in no evidence at all.
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| Either-or | Insists that a complex situation can have only two possible outcomes
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| Equivocation | Uses the same word twice in an argument, but the second time used, the speaker uses an alternate definition for the word, which helps support a conclusion.
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| False analogy | Makes comparisons between two situations that are not alike in important respects
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| Flattery | tries to persuade readers by suggesting that they are thoughtful, intelligent, or perceptive enough to agree with the writer
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| Guilt by association | Attacks someone's credibility by linking that person with a person or activity the audience considers bad, suspicious, or untrustworthy.
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| Hasty generalization | Bases a conclusion on too little evidence or on bad or misunderstood evidence
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| In-crowd appeal | A special kind of flattery, invites readers to identify with an admired and select group
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| non sequitur | Attempts to tie together two or more logically unrelated ideas as if they were related.
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| oversimplification | Claims an overly direct relationship between cause and effect.
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| post hoc fallacy | Assumes that just because B happened after A, B must have been caused by A.
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| red herring | Occurs when a speaker skips to a new and irrelevant topic in order to avoid the topic of discussion.
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| slippery slope | Suggests that if one small step is taken or conceded, others will inevitably follow -- in the same way that one step might lead to someone falling down a slippery slope.
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| straw man | Misrepresents opposition by pretending that opponents agree with something that few reasonable people would support.
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| veiled threat | Tries to frighten readers into agreement by hinting that they will suffer adverse consequences if they don't agree.
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| False authority | Often used by advertisers who show famous actors or athletes testifying to the greatness of a product about which they may know very little
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