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Merrill’s Ch2
General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology Workbook Qs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define: Anatomy | the science of the structure of the body. |
| Define: Physiology | the study of the function of the body organs. |
| Define: Osteology | The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body. |
| Describe the anatomic position. | The body standing erect, face and eyes directed forward, arms extended by the sides with the palms of the hands facing forward, heels together, and the toes pointing anteriorly. |
| List the four fundamental planes of the body. | Sagittal Coronal Horizontal Oblique |
| Any plane passing vertically through the body from front to back and dividing the body into right and left segments is call a(n) __________ plane. | Sagittal |
| Any plane passing vertically through the body from side to side and dividing the body into anterior and posterior segments is called a(n) ___________ plane. | Coronal |
| The plane that passes vertically through the midline of the body from side to side and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior segments is called the ____________ plane. | Midcoronal |
| The plane passing through the midline of the body and dividing it into equal right and left halves is known as the ____________ plane. | Midsagittal |
| A plane that passes crosswise through the body and divides the body into superior and inferior segments is a(n) _______________ plane or _______________ plane. | Horizontal; Traverse |
| List the two major cavities of the torso. | Thoracic and Abdominal |
| Which body cavity houses the Pleural membranes, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart and great vessels? | Thoracic |
| Which body cavity houses the peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters, and major blood vessels? | Abdominal |
| Which body cavity houses the rectum, urinary bladder, and parts of the reproductive system? | Pelvic |
| List the four quadrants of the body. | Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) |
| List the nine regions of the abdomen. (From top right to bottom left) | Right Hypochondrium Epigastrium Left Hypochondrium Right Lateral Umbilical Left Lateral Right Inguinal Hypogastrium Left Lateral |
| What vertebral level does the gonion line up with? | C3/C4 |
| What vertebral level does the Mastoid tip line up with? | C1 |
| What vertebral level does the Thyroid cartilage line up with? | C5 |
| What vertebral level does the vertebral prominens line up with? | C7/T1 |
| What vertebral level does the Jugular notch line up with? | T2/T3 |
| What vertebral level does the Sternal Angle line up with? | T4/T5 |
| What vertebral level does the xiphoid process line up with? | T9/T10 |
| What vertebral level does the inferior angle of the scapula line up with? | T7 |
| What vertebral level does the Inferior Rib (costal) margin line up with? | L2/L3 |
| What vertebral level does the Iliac crest line up with? | L4/L5 |
| What vertebral level does the ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) line up with? | S1/S2 |
| What vertebral level does the Greater Trochanter and Pubic Symphysis line up with? | Coccyx |
| How many bones comprise the typical adult skeleton? | 206 |
| List the two main skeletal divisions that make up the bony framework of the body? | Appendicular and Axial |
| List the 4 main parts of the appendicular skeleton. | Shoulder Girdle Upper limbs (extremities) Pelvic Girdle Lower Limbs (extremities) |
| List the four main parts of the axial skeleton. | Skull Neck Thorax Vertebral Column |
| What is the term for the outer layer of bony tissue? | Compact bone |
| What is the term for the inner trabeculated portion of the bone? | Spongy bone |
| What is the term for the central cylindric canal of long bones? | Medullary cavity |
| What is the term for the tough, fibrous membrane that covers the bone (except where bone is covered by articular cartilage)? | Periosteum |
| List the five classifications (by shape) of bones. | Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid |
| What bone classification is defined as: consists of a body and two articular ends? | Long bone |
| What bone classification is defined as: consists mainly of spongy tissue and have only a thin outer layer of compact bone. | Short bone |
| What bone classification is defined as: Consists mainly of compact bone in the form of two plates that enclose a layer of spongy tissue. | Flat bone |
| What bone classification is defined as: because of their peculiar shape, they cannot be classified as long, short, or flat. | Irregular bone |
| What bone classification is defined as: small oval bones that develop in and near tendons and functions to protect tendons from excess wear. | Sesamoid bone |
| List the two classifications of joints. Which is the more widely used classification? | Functional and Structural; Structural |
| List the three structural classification of articulations. | Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial |
| What type of movement does a Fibrous articulation have? | Immovable |
| What type of movement does a Cartilaginous articulation have? | Limited or slightly movable |
| What type of movement does a Synovial articulation have? | Freely movable |
| What are the three Functional classifications of articulations and their movement type? | Synarthroses -- immovable joints Amphiarthroses -- slightly movable Diathroses -- freely movable |
| What is the term for fibrous envelope that encloses a major joint? | Articular capsule |
| What is the term for join in which two bones are joined by hyaline cartilage? | Synchondrosis |
| What is the term for lubricant and nutrient compound found within synovial joints? | Synovial fluid |
| What is the term for joining together of two midline bones in the body by a plate of fibrocartilage? | Symphysis |
| What is the term for fluid-containing sacs that are interposed between sliding surfaces to reduce friction? | Bursae |
| What is the term for fibrocartilaginous disk pad located between the ends of bones in some synovial joints? | Meniscus |
| What kind of movement does a Gliding synovial joint make? | Sliding Gliding |
| What kind of movement does a Hinge synovial joint make? | Flexion Extension |
| What kind of movement does a Pivot synovial joint make? | Rotation |
| What kind of movement does an Ellipsoid synovial joint make? | Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction |
| What kind of movement does a Saddle synovial joint make? | Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction |
| What kind of movement does a Ball and Socket synovial joint make? | Flexion Extension Rotation Abduction Adduction Circumduction |
| What type of synovial joint is the Hip? | Ball and socket |
| What type of synovial joint is the Knee? | Hinge |
| What type of synovial joint is the Elbow? | Hinge |
| What type of synovial joint is the Wrist? | Ellipsoid |
| What type of synovial joint is the Shoulder? | Ball and socket |
| What type of synovial joint is C1 and C2? | Pivot |
| What type of synovial joint is an Intertarsal? | Gliding |
| What type of synovial joint is an Interphalangeal? | Hinge |
| What type of synovial joint is a Metacarpophalangeal? | Ellipsoid |
| What type of synovial joint is the Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb? | Saddle |
| When talking about bone, what term is used for a rounded process at an articular extremity? | Condyle |
| Bone: What term is used for a beak-like or crown-like process? | Coracoid or Coranoid |
| Bone: What term is used for a ridge-like process? | crest |
| Bone: What term is used for a projection above a condyle? | epicondyle |
| Bone: What term is used for a small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation with another structure? | Facet |
| Bone: What term is used for a book-shaped process? | hamulus |
| Bone: What term is used for an expanded end of a long bone? | Head |
| Bone: What term is used for a horn-like process on a bone? | Horn |
| Bone: What term is used for a less prominent ridge than a crest; a linear elevation? | Line |
| Bone: What term is used for a club-shaped process? | Malleolus |
| Bone: What term is used for a projecting part or prominence? | Protuberance |
| Bone: What term is used for a sharp process? | Spine |
| Bone: What term is used for a long, pointed process? | styloid |
| Bone: What term is used for either of two large, rounded, and elevated process (greater and lesser) located at junction of neck and shaft of femur? | Trochanter |
| Bone: What term is used for a small, rounded, and elevated process? | Tubercle |
| Bone: What term is used for a large, rounded, and elevated process? | Tuberosity |
| Bone: What term is used for a cleft or deep groove? | fissure |
| Bone: What term is used for a hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves? | Foramen |
| Bone: What term is used for a pit, fovea, or hollow space? | fossa |
| Bone: What term is used for a shallow linear channel? | groove |
| Bone: what term is used for a tube-like passageway running within a bone? | Meatus |
| Bone: What term is used for an indention into border of a bone? | Notch |
| Bone: What term is used for a recess, groove, cavity or hollow space? | Sinus |
| Bone: What term is used for a furrow, trench, or fissure like depression? | Sulcus |
| What term refers to forward or front part of body or forward part of an organ? | Anterior or ventral |
| What term refers to back part of body or organ? | Posterior or dorsal |
| What term refers to parts away from the head of the body? | Caudad |
| What term refers to parts toward the head of the body? | Cephalad |
| What term refers to nearer the feet or situated below? | Inferior |
| What term refers to nearer the head or situated above? | Superior |
| What term refers to middle area or main part of an organ? | Central |
| What term refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside or another body part? | Peripheral |
| What term refers to part or parts on opposite side of body? | Contralateral |
| What term refers to part or parts on same side of body? | Ipsilateral |
| What term refers to parts away from median plane of body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left? | Lateral |
| What term refers to parts toward median plane of body or toward the middle of another body part? | Medial |
| What term refers to parts far from the surface? | Deep |
| What term refers to parts near skin or surface? | Superficial |
| What term refers to parts farthest from point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from center of body? | Distal |
| What term refers to parts nearer point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; toward center of body? | Proximal |
| What term refers to parts outside an organ or on outside of body? | External |
| What term refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ? | Internal |
| What term refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity? | Parietal |
| What term refers to the covering of an organ? | Visceral |
| What term refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand? | Dorsum |
| What term refers to the palm of the hand? | Palmar |
| What term refers to the sole of the foot? | Plantar |
| Define the term: Projection. | Refers to the path of the central ray |
| Define the term: Position. | Noun: specific patient body position. Verb: act of placing a patient in the appropriate position |
| Define the term: View. | The body part as it is seen from the perspective of an x-ray film. |
| Define the term: Method. | Denotes the originator of a particular radiographic procedure, or specifies placement of IR or central ray. |
| Is AP a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Projection |
| Is Supine a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Body position |
| Is Upright a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Body position |
| Is AP axial a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Projection |
| Is Lordotic a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Radiographic Position |
| Is Recumbent a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Body Position |
| Is Tangential a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Projection |
| Is AP oblique a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Projection |
| Is Dorsoplantar a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Projection |
| Is Left Lateral a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Radiographic Position |
| Is Transthoracic a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Projection |
| Is Trendelenburg a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Body position |
| Is Parietoacanthial a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Projection |
| Is Right Anterior Oblique a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Radiographic Position |
| Is Right Lateral Decubitus a projection, body position, or radiographic position? | Radiographic position |
| What projection is it when the central ray is angled longitudinally with the long axis of the body? | Axial |
| What projection is it when the central ray enters the anterior body surface and exits the posterior body surface? | AP |
| What projection is it when the central ray enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface? | PA |
| What projection is it when the Central ray enters the side or lateral aspect of the body or body part and exits the other side? | Lateral |
| What projection is it when the central ray enters the body or body part form a side angle into the anterior or posterior surface of the body? | Oblique |
| What projection is it when the central ray is directed toward the outer margin of a curved body to profile a body part and project it free of superimposition? | Tangential |
| What is the term for lying face down? | Prone (ventral recumbent) |
| What is the term for lying on the back? | Supine (dorsal recumbent) |
| What is the term for lying down in any position? | Recumbent |
| What is the term for erect or marked by a vertical position? | Upright |
| What is the term for lying supine with head lower than the feet? | Trendelenburg |
| What is the term for lying supine with the head higher than the feet? | Fowler |
| What is the term for movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part? | Abduction |
| What is the term for movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body part? | Adduction |
| What is the term for straightening of a joint? | Extension |
| What is the term for act of bending a joint? | Flexion |
| What is the term for forced or excessive extension of a limb or joints? | Hyperextension |
| What is the term for forced overflexion of a limb or joints? | Hyperflexion |
| What is the term for outward turning of the foot at the ankle? | Evert/eversion |
| What is the term for inward turning of the foot at the ankle? | Invert/inversion |
| What is the term for rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down? | pronate/pronation |
| What is the term for the rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up (in the anatomical position)? | Supinate/supination |
| What is the term for turning of the body or a body part around its axis? | rotate/rotation |
| What is the term for the circular movement of a limb? | Circumduction |
| What is the term for tipping or slanting a body part slightly? | Tilt |
| What is the term for turning away from the regular standard or course? | Deviation |
| What is the term for flexion or bending of the foot toward the leg? | Dorsiflexion |
| What is the term for flexion or bending of the foot downward toward the sole? | plantar flexion |
| Which term refers to the study of the function of the body organs? | Physiology |
| What are the four fundamental body planes? | Sagittal, coronal, horizontal, oblique |
| Which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves? | Midsagittal |
| Which body structure is located in the thoracic cavity? 1. Liver 2. Heart 3. Gallbladder 4. Urinary bladder | 2. heart |
| In which quadrant of the abdomen is the appendix located? | Right Lower Quadrant |
| Which region of the abdomen is located below the umbilical region? | Hypogastrium |
| Which vertebra is located at the level of the xiphoid process? | T10 |
| Which body habitus represents a person of large, massive stature in whom the stomach is located high and nearly horizontal within the abdomen? | Hypersthenic |
| Excluding small sesamoid and accessory bones in the skull, how many bones comprise the skeleton? | 206 |
| Which structure belongs to the axial skeleton? 1. Skull 2. Lower limb 3. Upper limb 4. Pelvic girdle | Skull |
| Which bone has a medullary cavity? 1. Tibia 2. Sacrum 3. Parietal 4. Sternum | Tibia |
| Bones are classified according to their: | shape |
| Which bone classifications are vertebrae? | Irregular |
| Which bone classification is the Trapezium? | Short |
| Which bone classification consists largely of compact cortex tissue in the form of two plates that enclose a layer of diploe? | Flat |
| Which term specifically refers to the study of the joints? | Arthrology |
| Which structural classification of articulations refers to joints that have only limited or slight movement? | Cartilaginous |
| Which functional classification of articulations are synovial joints? | Diarthroses |
| Which structural classification of articulations are cranial sutures? | Fibrous |
| Which type of movement occurs in a hinge joint? 1. Rotational 2. Gliding or sliding 3. Flexion and extension 4. Abduction and adduction | Flexion and extension |
| Which of the following joints is an example of an ellipsoid joint? 1. Hip 2. Intercarpal 3. Interphalangeal 4. Metacarpophalangeal | Metacarpophalangeal |
| Which term refers to a long, pointed process? 1. Crest 2. styloid 3. condyle 4. tuberosity | Styloid |
| Which term for a depression refers to a hole in a bone through which blood vessels and nerves pass? | Foramen |
| Which term refers to a fracture in which a broken bone projects through the skin? | Open |
| Which term refers to a body part on the opposite side of the body? | Contralateral |
| Which term refers to the path of the central ray? 1. View 2. Method 3. Position 4. Projection | Projection |
| Which term refers to a general body position? 1. Axial 2. Recumbent 3. Tangential 4. Left anterior oblique | Recumbent |
| Which term refers to the movement of a body part away from the central axis of the body? | Abduction |
| Which term is the plural form for diagnosis? 1. Diagnosix 2. Diagnoses 3. Diagnosae 4. Diagnosum | Diagnoses |
| Which body position describes the patient lying face down on the radiographic table? | Prone |
| Which plane is positioned at a right angle to the sagittal and coronal planes? | Horizontal |
| Which vertebra is located at the level of the inferior angles of the scapulae? | T7 |
| Which vertebra is located at the level of the iliac crest? | L4 |
| Which body habitus represents a person with organs and characteristics that are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body habitus types and is the most difficult to classify? | Hyposthenic |
| What term is used when the central ray enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface of a part? | AP |
| What projection results from a ventral or dorsal decubitus projection? | lateral |
| What projection is obtained when the patient is in the RAO position? | PA oblique |
| What term is applied when the central ray is angled more than 10 degrees? | Axial |
| Which term refers to a recumbent position with a horizontal central ray? | decubitus |
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