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EPPP 2024 Physio
Subdomains: NS, NT's & Brain Areas
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Grafman's 4 types of neuroplasticity | Homologous Areas Adaptation: Opposite side adopts function of damaged side Cross-Modal Reassignment: when neurons of a brain area will accept new sensory input Map Expansion: practice = bigger brain region Compensatory Masquerade: using new sources |
| What are the four lobes of the brain? | Remember: FTOP Freud Tore (his) Pants Off Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital |
| What are the key structures of the limbic system? | Remember: HATCH - picture a little bird "hatching" on a tree "Limb" Hippocampus, Amygdala, Thalamus, Cingulate Cortex (Cingulate gyrus/sulcus), Hypothalamus (Mammilary Bodies & Suprachiasmatic Nucleus) |
| What are the functions of dopamine? | Mopey Makes People Sad, Sleepy, Shaky & Schizophrenic to remember the functions of movement, mood, personality and sleep and the associated disorders of Parkinson's, Tourette's and Schizophrenia. Remember that "Mopey" rhymes with "dopey-mine" |
| What are the functions of acetylcholine? | If you have enough, you'll remember everything and be able to pay attention and ACE this test and throw a dance party! If not enough, you will be forgetful (Alzheimer's). To remember functions of movement, memory, arousal & attention. |
| What are the functions of glutamate? | Learning about glutamate makes me Emotional and I keep Forgetting what I read, it makes me shake with anger! To recall the functions of memory, emotions, learning and movement and the disorders of stroke, seizure, Huntington's and Alzheimer's. |
| What are the functions of norepinephrine? | Remember that it has all the same functions as other neurotransmitters, + stress - movement Memory, mood, arousal, attention, stress & learning Too little = depression Too much = mania |
| What are the functions of serotonin? | Think of Sir. Rotten, who is always in a bad mood because he's hungry and tired, to remember the functions of mood, arousal, sleep, sex, appetite and pain and the disorders of depression, suicidality, bulimia, OCD and ASD |
| What are the functions of GABA? | Murray Makes Me Aroused & Sleepy to remember functions of movement, mood, memory, arousal & sleep. If not enough, Murray breaks down to recall Huntington's disease. |
| What are the areas of the front lobe? | Prefrontal cortex, premotor area (planning movement) and motor area (instigating movement) |
| What are the functions of and symptoms of damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex? | Functions: Executive functioning (higher order cognition) Damage = Dysexecutive syndrome Concrete thinking, ↓ judgment, repetitive responses, working memory issues, poor planning & disinterest/apathy Remember two D's (dorsolateral & dysexecutive) |
| What are the functions of and symptoms of damage to the orbitofrontal cortex? | Functions: Emotion reg., social cog, response inhibition Damage = Acquired sociopathy/disinhibited syndrome Impulsivity, inappropriate responses, ↓ empathy, aggressivity and antisocial behaviors, distractibility & mood swings (affective lability). |
| What are the functions of and symptoms of damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex? | Functions: Emotion reg., social cog., memory & decision making Damage = Apathetic-akinetic syndrome ↓ decision making, ↓ empathy, emotional blunting, false memories (confabulation) and ↓ motivation/initiative * Hypoactivity in this area = PTSD * |
| What are the functions of the supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex & primary motor cortex? | Supplementary = Self-initiated complex movements Premotor = Complex movements triggered by external sensory stimuli Primary = sending signals to muscles to execute movement |
| What are the functions of and disorders caused by damage to the temporal lobe? | Functions: auditory processing, language comprehension & emotion Damage = Wernicke's aphasia, auditory aphasias, hallucinations & cortical deafness, ↑ aggression, ↑/↓ sexual behavior Cue: "temper, temper" to remember aggression & emotion |
| What are the functions of and disorders caused by damage to the parietal lobe? | Cue: think of a pa-ranah biting the top of the head, causing pain, which would be perceived by the parietal lobe as it processes somatosensory information Damage = somatosensory agnosias, Gerstmann's & Hemispatial neglect, anomia |
| What are the functions of and disorders caused by damage to the occipital lobe? | Cue: think of an octopus with a bunch of eyeballs instead of suckers on the tentacles to remember visual processing Damage (uncommon) = visual agnosias, hallucations, color blindness, cortical blindness |
| What has research on split-brain patients revealed? | Severing the corpus callosum (the bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres of the brain) prevents information from cross-communicating to either side. Info on the right side is processed in the left and vice versa regardless of severing of CC. |
| What percentage of people are predominantly left brained? | 95% of right-handed people & 50-70% of left handed people |
| What are the functions of the left hemisphere (dominant)? | Cue: for left brain think logic, learning and language. Think about how studying for the EPPP is a very left brained activity. Other functions include: positive emotions |
| What are the functions of the right hemisphere (nondominant)? | Cue: creating my notes in a unique way engages the right brain Other functions include: intuition, spatial relationships, negative emotions, directional sense |
| When a split brain patient is presented an image of a shovel in their right visual field and a soccer ball in their left visual field, what would occur? | Due to language being in the left hemisphere, the patient would be able to verbally identify the image of the shovel. They would not be able to verbally identify a soccer ball, but could identify it in a different way such as pointing from a list. |
| What are the functions of the limbic system? | Functions: Fear, anger, pleasure, basic drives (sex/hunger), learning, memory |
| What are the structures and functions of the basal ganglia? | Functions: voluntary movement & posture, habit learning, cognition, emotion Caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens ← info from cerebral cortex Globus Pallidus → info to thalamus |
| What disorders are associated with damage to the thalamus? | Damaged neurons in the thalamus & mammillary bodies from alcoholism = Korsakoff Syndrome - Think Frank Gallagher in Shameless |
| What are the symptoms of damage to the mammilary bodies? | Remember mammilary bodies start with M to remember the function of memory. Korsakoff is a memory disorder and is associated with imbalance, false memories, confusion, walking difficulties and heart issues. |
| What are the functions and symptoms of damage to the hippocampus? | Function: memory consolidation (ST → LT mems) Cue: If you saw a hippo on campus, you would remember it Damage = ↓ episode memory (events/experiences), ↓ spatial navigation, Alzheimer's MDD, bipolar, Schizophrenia & PTSD |
| How does the hypothalamus influence the pituitary gland? | ● Hormone regulation produced by the anterior pituitary → regulates reproductive system via gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) ● Sends oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary |
| What are the functions of oxytocin? | ● Stimulate contractions in labour & lactation ● Social bonding/social recognition, sex ● Beneficial effects for autistic ppl for facial and emotional recognition ● Too much = oversensitivity to facial expressions causing inaccurate identification |
| What disorders are associated with damage to the basal ganglia? | Mood disorders, ADHD, schizophrenia, OCD, Tourette's, Huntington's, Parkinson's |
| What disorders are associated with damage to the amygdala? | Hyperactivity = PTSD symptoms Bilateral lesions = Kluver Bucy Syndrome: hypersexual, hyperorality, placid, excessive eating (hyperphagia), agnosias & psychic blindness Remember A for amygdala and A for aggression modulation |
| What are the functions of hypothalamus? | Remember 5 F's: Fever (temperature), Feeding (hunger), Fighting (fight/flight/anger/emotions), Fucking, Falling Asleep (circadian rhythms) |
| What are the functions of each dopaminergic pathways? | Mesolimbic = "reward circuit" Mesocortical = motivation, emotion, executive cognition Tuberoinfundibular = hormone reg., inhibition of prolactin Nigrostriatal = purposeful movement |
| What are locations of each dopaminergic pathways? | Mesolimbic: ventral tegmental area → nucleus accumbens (aka ventral striatum) Mesocortical: ventral tegmental area → prefrontal cortex Tuberoinfundibular: hypothalamus → pituitary gland Nigrostriatal: substantia nigra → caudate nucleus & putamen |
| How does the mesolimbic pathway relate to psychotic disorders? | Too much dopamine in this pathway = positive symptoms of schizophrenia Remember ventral tegmental: "Ver the Trouble Arises" this is where symptoms of psychosis emerge |
| How does the mesocortical pathway relate to psychotic disorders? | Insufficient levels of dopamine in this pathway = negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
| How is the nigrostriatal pathway related to Parkinson's? | The nigrostriatal pathway is related to purposeful movement. Drugs that reduce dopamine to treat psychotic symptoms reduce dopamine in all pathways, and induce Parkinsonism like symptoms |
| What are the functions of the pons? | ● Coordination of movement on either side of body ● Relays messages ⇄ cerebellum & cerebral cortex ● Respiration & regulation of deep sleep/REM sleep |
| What is ataxia a result of and what are the symptoms of it? | Symptoms that mimic being drunk: lack of muscle control, impaired balance/coordination, slurred speech, jerky eye movements (nystagmus), blurred/double vision. Caused by: damage to the cerebellum |
| What are the functions of the cerebellum? | ● Voluntary movements ● Processing/storing procedural & implicit memories ● Non-motor functions include attention, linguistic processing & visuospatial abilities |
| What are the functions of the reticular formation? | ● Muscle tone regulation, eye movements, pain control Cue: remember that we must FORM muscles in the gym to remember muscle tone regulation |
| What are the functions of the substantia nigra? | ● Reward-seeking ● Through the connection to the basal ganglia, motor control *Breakdown of dopamine cells = slowed mvmt, tremor, rigidity associated with Parkinson's |
| What are the functions of the thalamus? | ● "Relay station" for all sensory info except smell ● Coordination of sensory and motor functioning, language and speech and declarative memory |
| How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus control the sleep-wake circadian rhythm? | ● Controlling the pineal gland's release of melatonin ● Via sensitivity to light, during daylight hours it signals to the pineal gland to ↓ melatonin and vice versa at night |
| What are the symptoms of Broca's Apahasia? | ● Slow, laboured speech, impaired repetition & anomia with relatively intact comprehension |
| What are the symptoms of Wernicke's Aphasia? | ● Fluent speech with many word substitutions and errors and is incoherent/meaningless ● Comprehension is impaired ● Impaired repetition & anomia |
| ________________ is an excitatory & inhibitory neurotransmitter responsible for movement, mood, personality & sleep | Dopamine |
| ________________ is an excitatory & inhibitory neurotransmitter responsible for arousal, memory, movement & attention | Acetylcholine |
| ______________ is an excitatory neurotransmitter responsible for learning, emotion, memory & movement | Glutamate |
| _______________ is an excitatory neurotransmitter responsible for memory, mood, arousal, stress, attention, learning | Norepinephrine |
| _________________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter responsible for sex, appetite, mood, arousal, pain attention | Serotonin |
| _______________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter responsible for movement, memory, mood, arousal, sleep | GABA |
| What is alexia and what is it most commonly associated with? | Word blindness; stroke |
| What is the difference between contralateral ipsilateral neglect? | Ipsilateral neglect = neglect of same side Contralateral neglect = neglect of opposite side |
| What are the 6 cognitive functioning categories associated with a neurocognitive disorder? | 1) Complex attention 2) Executive functioning 3) Learning & memory 4) Expressive/receptive 5) Perceptual motor 6) Social cognition |
Created by:
JSalisbury
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