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Genetics Unit

Terms for genetics part 1 & 2

TermDefinition
Genetics The scientific study of how genes are passed from parents to children
DNA Containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
Chromosomes structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Gene A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Haploid Cell A cell with half the number of chromosomes
Diploid Cell Has full set of chromosomes.
Zygote fertilized egg (when sperm and egg cell meet)
Gamete sex cell (sperm cell or egg cell)
Sexual Reproduction A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genes to make unique offspring
Asexual Reproduction Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself; offspring is exactly the same as the parent
Allele Different forms of a gene (blue, green or brown eye color)
Dominant Allele/Trait An allele whose trait ALWAYS shows up in the organism when the allele is present.
Recessive Allele/Trait An allele that is masked (or covered up) when a dominant allele is present
Genotype genetic makeup of an organism, or allele combinations.
Phenotype An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Heredity Passing of traits from parents to offspring
Heterozygous An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Complete Dominance a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another
Meiosis Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
Genetic Variation The variety of different types of genes in a species or population.
Mendelian Genetics Mendel's discoveries showing ways in which chromosomes pass genes across generations
Homologous Chromosomes Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis.
Incomplete Dominance Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele and a mixture of the two alleles are shown
Codominance A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed at the same time
Genetic Mutation A mistake in genetic code causing a mutation. It doesn't always have to be negative.
Nitrogenous Bases Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Adenine pairs with... Thymine
Guanine pairs with... Cytosine
Bloody type alleles A and B codominant, O recessive
Polygenic Inheritance occurs when multiple genes determine the phenotype of a trait
Multiple alleles A gene that has more than two alleles (example: three alleles for blood type: A, B, & O)
X-linked (sex-linked) traits Genes located on the X chromosome (sometimes called, sex-linked traits)
Chromatid One half of a duplicated chromosome
Dominant An allele that is fully expressed whenever the allele is present in an individual
Recessive An allele that is expressed only when no dominant allele is present in an individual
Punnett Square A graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross
Pedigree A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family
Mutation A change in the structure or amount of the genetic material of an organism
Selective Breeding A process that involves humans choosing organisms with desired traits to reproduce, resulting in offspring with those traits
Replication The duplication of a DNA molecule
Probability The likelihood that a possible genetic outcome can occur in a specific cross between two parents (this definition is specific to genetics)
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division
Nucleotide A subunit of DNA that consist of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Fertizilation Union of the sperm and egg cell
Karyotype A complete picture of a full set of chromosomes in a cell
Autosomal Any chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome (X or Y chromosome)
XX Chromosome combination for biological females
XY Chromosome combination for biological males
Genetic Engineering The manipulation of genetic instructions (changing DNA code) to produce new characteristics
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