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Personality
Unit 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neo-Freudian / psychodynamic | followers of Freud. a Accept id, ego, superego, unconscious, defense mechanisms. Don't accept sex & aggression primary motivations |
| Repression | unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious |
| regression | reverting back to immature behavior from an earlier stage of development |
| displacement | redirecting unacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer, substitute target |
| sublimation | replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behavior |
| reaction formation | attribution one's own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself |
| rationalization | creating false excuses for one's unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behavior |
| denial | blocking external events from awareness. If it was too much to handle, the person just refuses to experience it |
| oral | 0-18 months pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing) |
| anal | 18-36 months pleasure focuses on the bowel and bladder elimination (coping with demands for control) |
| phallic | 3-6 years pleasure zones is the genitals (coping with incestuous sexual feelings) |
| latency | 6 years to puberty dormant sexual feelings |
| genital | puberty and up maturation of sexual interests |
| personality | an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting |
| psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts, the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
| unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. according to contemporary psychologists, info processing, of which we are unaware |
| free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
| Id | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
| ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality principle satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
| superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgmental (the conscious) and for future aspirations |
| psychosexual stages | the childhood stages of developing (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
| Oedipus complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealously and hatred for the rival father |
| identification | the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents values into their developing superego |
| fixation | in psychoanalytic theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved |
| defense mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| collective unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history |
| projective test | a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
| thematic apperception test TAT | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
| Rorschach inkblot test | the most widely used projective test a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Herman Rorschach, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
| terror- management theory | a theory of death-related anxiety, explores peoples emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impeding death |
| humanistic theories | theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth |
| hierarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active |
| self-actualization | according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved the motivated to fulfill one's potential |
| self- transcendence | according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self |
| unconditional positive regard | a caring. accepting, nonjudgmental attitude which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance 1. acceptance 2. genuineness 3. empathy |
| self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question "who am I?" |
| trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-reported inventories and peer reports |
| personality inventory | a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range o feelings and behaviors, used to asses selected personality traits |
| Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality test, originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) this test is now used for many other screening purposes |
| empirically derived test | a test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups |
| social- cognitive perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context |
| behavioral approach | focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development |
| reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment |
| self | in contemporary psychology assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions |
| spotlight effect | overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us) |
| self-esteem | one's feelings of high or low self-worth |
| self-efficacy | one's sense of competence and effectiveness |
| self- serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
| narcissism | excessive self-love and self-absorption |
| individualism | giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications |
| collectivism | giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly |
| Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism | what does OCEAN stand for? |
| Person-Situation Controversy | genuine personality traits that persist over time & across situations |
| Stability of personality traits | interests, careers & relationships may change but most people presume the stability of personality traits |
| openness | being curious, original, creative, and open to new ideals |
| conscientiousness | being organized, systematic, punctual, achievement oriented, and dependable |
| extroversion | being outgoing, talkative, sociable, and enjoying social situations |
| agreeableness | being affable, tolerant, sensitive, trusting, kind, and warm |
| neuroticism | being anxious, irritable, temperamental, and moody |
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